Congressional Research Service
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"How can the federal government best decrease poverty in the United States?"
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Pursuant to P.L 88-246, the Congressional Research Service has compiled a preliminary, annotated bibliography on the 1984-85 National High School Debate topic - "How Can the Federal Government Best Decrease Poverty in the United States?":
Resolved: that the Federal Government should guarantee a minimum annual cash income to all United States citizens.
Resolved: that the Federal Government should adopt a negative income tax to assist all United States citizens living in poverty.
Resolved: that the Federal Government should provide employment for all employable United States citizens living in poverty.
This bibliography is designed to facilitate early research preparation for the debators by providing pertinent citations to materials related to the topic and propositions., Abstract -- General Background Sources -- Debate Proposition One: That the Federal Government Should Guarantee a Minimum Annual Cash Income to All United States Citizens -- Debate Proposition Two: That the Federal Government Should Adopt a Negative Income Tax to Assist All United States Citizens Living in Poverty -- Debate Proposition Three: That the Federal Government Should Provide Employment for All Employable United States Citizens Living in Property., Marsha Cerny, Senior Bibliographer, Library Services Division, and Joe Richardson, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division., CRS 84-49 EPW, "March 23, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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ACTION and its volunteer programs
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ACTION is authorized by the Domestic Volunteer Service Act; its major program components include Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) and the Older American Volunteer Program (OAVP). This legislation was last reauthorized in 1984 (P.L. 98-288) and will be reviewed for reauthorization by Congress during the 99th Congress. This paper provides an overview of ACTION programs., Abstract -- Background -- Action Programs. VISTA (Title I-A) ; Service-Learning Programs (Title I-B) ; Special Volunteer Programs (I-C) ; Older American Volunteer Program (Title II) -- Legislative Action. Ninety-Eighth Congress Legislation ; Ninety-Ninth Congress Action., Evelyn Howard, Analyst in Social Legislation and Carol O'Shaughnessy, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division., CRS 86-604 EPW, "January 30, 1986.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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General – Research and Epidemiology. 1985-1986 ; Pre-1985 ; Children ; Blood – Social, Political, and Ethical Issues. Homosexuals and Homophobia ; Cost of AIDS., This bibliography contains citations to books and articles on AIDS from 1983 to the present. The major topics covered are the epidemiology of AIDS and social, political, and ethical issues for dealing with a disease for which yet there is no cure. Special sections deal with children with AIDS, and homosexuals and homophobia., CRS 86-184 L
"November 1986"
SuDoc #: LC 14. 18/3
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Accelerated depreciation, the investment tax credit, and their required ratemaking treatement in the public utility industry
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Abstract -- Legislative History of Federal Tax Benefits to Public Utilities and Their Required Ratemaking Treatment. Accelerated Depreciation and Excess Deferred Taxes ; Investment Tax Credit ; Conclusions From Legislative History -- Economic Normalization. Accelerated Depreciation and Excess Deferred Taxes ; Investment Tax Credit -- The Amounts of Accumulated Deferred Income Taxes and Investment Tax Credits Since Their Enactment., This report provides a background discussion of accelerated depreciation, the investment tax credit, and their required ratemaking treatment in the public utility industry. "Excess deferred taxes," which result from the tax rate decrease in the Tax Reform Act of 1986, are also discussed. The report summarizes the legislative history and discusses the extent to which the required ratemaking treatments are consistent with the underlying economic effects of the tax benefits. A final section provides data on the amounts of accumulated deferred income taxes and investment tax credits in the electric, telephone, and gas utility industries since enactment of the tax provisions., Donald W. Kiefer, Senior Specialist in Economic Policy, CRS 87-312 S
"April 10, 1987."
SuDoc # LC 14. 18/3
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Achievement score trends and federal involvement in elementary and secondary education
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This paper provides background information and a discussion of issues related to: (1) trends in achievement test scores in elementary and secondary education; (2) trends in Federal aid to education at that level; and (3) possible direct and indirect relationships between the achievement test score trends and Federal programs., Introduction -- Recent Trends in Achievement Test Scores -- Trends in Funding for, and Participation in, Federal Programs of Aid for Elementary and Secondary Education -- Discussion of the Direct Impact of Federal Aid to Elementary and Secondary Education: Relationships of Achievement Test Scores and Federal Program Participation -- Discussion of Possible Indirect Effects of Federal Assistance on Achievement in Elementary and Secondary Education, CRS 84-627 EPW, "May 3, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Acid rain
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Citations in this bibliography cover different aspects of the acid rain issue including research into its cause, effects on the environment (particularly forests), and problems with control., Adrienne Grenfell, Senior Bibliographer, Environment and Natural Resources, Library Services Division., CRS 85-643 L, "March 1985.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Acid rain
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This Editorial Commentary focuses on national concerns with acid rain. It also contains materials on the recent joint report of the Special Envoys on Acid Rain -- Drew Lewis representing the United States and William Davis, Canada. It includes an overview article and selected newspaper editorials from U.S. regional newspapers. It covers the period from September 1, 1985 through January 18, 1986., Compiled by Library Services Division, CRS 86-528 L, "January 1986.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Acid rain in the 100th Congress
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The following is a comparison of four acid rain control bills: S. 95 (Kerry), S. 300 (Stafford), S. 316 (Proxmire), and S. 3221 (Mitchell). The comparison is focused on prominent features of the various bills, not on section by section similarities and differences among the bills. Also, apparently non-controversial aspects of the bills, such as penalties for non-compliance, were not included. The bills are compared in the order in which they were introduced.
There are two important notes about this comparison. First, as each bill would amend the Clean Air Act, section number references made in this analysis are made to relevant sections of the Clean Air Act. Second, under general provisions, issues raised are in rank order as they appear in various bills. They are not ordered according to importance.
For the reader's convenience, the headings used in this comparison are arranged so that the bills may be placed side-by-side, if so desired., CRS 87-82 ENR, "February 4, 1987.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a contagious, deadly disease which is most commonly transmitted sexually or through blood or blood products. The characteristics of this epidemic have given rise to a number of legal issues, few of which are resolved., Introduction -- Existing Federal Statutes -- General Legal Issues Relating to Discrimination and AIDS. Introduction ; Constitutional Rights ; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 -- Education -- Employment -- Public Health Issues. Introduction ; Quarantines ; Blood Testing, Confidentiality, and Privacy ; Product Liability -- Criminal Law Issues -- Medical Assistance and Vocational Rehabilitation Programs -- Miscellaneous Legal Issues Relating to AIDS. Introduction ; Insurance ; Decision-making Capacity of Persons with AIDS ; Child Custody Decisions ; Immigration -- Summary -- Selected Bibliography., CRS 87-236 A, "February 10, 1987.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Advertising condoms
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Rita Ann Reimer, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division, CRS 87-325 A, "April 10, 1987.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Agricultural trade
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This bibliography lists recent articles, reports, books, and congressional documents on U.S. agricultural trade. The references are annotated and are arranged into three topical sections: the U.S. as an agricultural trading nation; factors affecting agricultural trade; and agricultural trade policy options. The Congressional Research Service bibliographic database was the source of the bibliography., Abstract -- The United States as an Agricultural Trading Nation -- Factors Affecting Agricultural Trade -- Agricultural Trade Policy Options., Rebecca Mazur, Bibliographer, Environment and Natural Resources, Library Services Division, CRS 85-568 L, "January 1985.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Agriculture and the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Deficit Control Act
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The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, also known as Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, subjects agriculture to the same budget reductions as other non-exempt programs ordered. However, due to the unique nature of the agriculture budget, special provisions were included on how to achieve those cuts in farm spending. This report discusses this new law with regard to agriculture programs. An updated version of this report will be issued when the U.S. Department of Agriculture announces how it will implement the across-the-board reductions., Geoffrey S. Becker, Analyst, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, CRS 86-547 ENR, "February 5, 1986.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Air pollutant-induced stress to forest ecosystems
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In recent years the term "acid rain" has captured the attention of the American public as a possible cause of forest damage and decline. As research progresses, it appears that the adverse impacts of "acid rain" on forest ecosystems are more complex and not as well understood as they generally are for aquatic ecosystems. Different types of air pollution -- including but not limited to precursors of acid deposition -- alone or in combination with stress factors, may pose a wide range of threats to forest ecosystems. This report examines the extent of forest damage and decline in the United States, the dynamics of the forest ecosystem and the major hypotheses put forth by the scientific community to explain the role of air pollutants in forest declines. The report concluded that the forest decline debate must take into account a wider range of pollutants than are usually included in legislative proposals which emphasize sulphur dioxide emissions., Adela Backiel, Analyst in Natural Resources Policy and Alison L. Holt, Reference Assistant in Natural Resources Policy, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, CRS 86-560 ENR, "February 10, 1986.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Airport relocation
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The transfer of air carrier service between airports in the same community is generally thought to have adverse economic effects on the airport losing service. This report briefly examines experience with airport relocation in four communities. Further, this experience is related to prospects for air carrier activity relocation in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area.*, Abstract -- Introduction -- Scope -- Background -- Experience. Chicago ; Houston ; Kansas City ; Dallas-Fort Worth -- Implications for Washington, D.C., Area Airports -- Conclusion -- Bibliography., John W. Fischer, Analyst in Transportation, Economic Division, with the assistance of Jose Padus, Research Assistant, CRS 84-699 E, "July 20, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Alternative energy taxes
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A range of energy tax alternatives are discussed in this report. These tax alternatives cover the recent proposals for taxing energy to raise Treasury revenue and to achieve other energy policy goals. Each is evaluated in the context of various measures of economic impacts, varying from regional to macroeconomic, from ease of administration to income distribution., CRS 86-630 ENR, March 24, 1986, SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Analysis and critique of National Organization for Raw Materials' (NORM) proposed National Economic Stability Act (NESA)
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The purpose of this report is to explain, analyze, and critique the National Economic Stability Act proposed by the National Organization of Ray Materials (N.O.R.M.). N.O.R.M. believes that most of today's economic problems, such as high rates of bankruptcy, the negative balance of trade, unemployment, and spiraling public and private debt, are related to our Nation's treatment of agriculture and other raw material producers over a long period of time. When raw material prices are cheap, below "full honest parity," rural America is short of buying power, and urban businesses are unable to operate at full capacity without the economy going into debt. N.O.R.M. proposes replacing existing farm programs with a law prohibiting the sale of certain basic agricultural commodities at less than their parity price., A. Barry Carr, Specialist, Environmental and Natural Resources Policy Division, CRS 85-1021 ENR
"October 31, 1985."
SuDoc # LC 14. 18/3
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Analysis of the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment
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This paper analyzes the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment -- popularly known as the "Hatch Amendment" -- and the U.S. Department of Education's implementing regulations regarding student rights in federally funded educational research, experimental activities, and testing. The legislative history of the amendment is presented, and the public response to the Department of Education's regulations that implement this amendment is discussed., Rick Holland, Analyst in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 86-801 EPW, "February 27, 1985.", "Revised and Updated July 30, 1986.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Arms control
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CRS 87-216 L, "Received between March 2nd and 13th 1987.", "March 13, 1987.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Assessment of the need for new electric capacity
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This paper presents a series of electric demand and capacity forecasts. These indicate no serious regional imbalance through 1990, but a need for additional capacity by 2000. The effects of economic and physical obsolescence as well as small vs. large plants are also discussed. In any case, much of the deficit could be covered by "lease-cost" methods., Alvin Kaufman, Senior Specialist in Regulatory Economics, and Karen K. Nelson, Senior Research Assistant, Office of Senior Specialists, CRS 83-558 S, "August 31, 1983.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3, The report scanned is missing page 27, and pages 8 and 9 are reversed.
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Authority of the federal bank supervisory agencies under the Bank Protection Act, 12 U.S.C. 1881-1884, to promulgate rules...
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Although it is uncertain, it appears likely that a court would hold that the federal bank supervisory agencies would have the power under the Bank Protection Act to promulgate rules requiring banks to install security measures to protect customers using automatic teller machines., M. Maureen Murphy, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division, CRS 87-355 A, "April 17, 1987.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Automated teller machine (ATM) security
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This report discusses federal and state legislative efforts and banking industry self-policing measures to combat crimes occurring to those using automated teller machines (ATMs)., La Vonne M. Grabiak, Paralegal Specialist, and M. Maureen Murphy, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division, CRS 87-375 A, "April 22, 1987.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Avoiding urban/rural wage inequities in determination of prevailing wage rates under the Davis-Bacon Act
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Through a rulemaking proceeding that has spanned nearly five years, the Secretary of Labor has fashioned regulations restricting the use of urban wage data in the determination of "prevailing" wage rates under the Davis-Bacon Act (P.L. 71-798, as amended). This paper traces the evolution of the urban/rural data controversy and reviews questions concerning legislative action on the issue., Abstract -- Introduction -- Origins of the Urban/Rural Wage Data Controversy -- The Reagan Administration's Revision Initiatives. Background ; Rulemaking Commenced ; A Testing in the Courts ; The Interested Parties React ; Injunction Granted by the U.S. District Court ; Reversal by the Court of Appeals ; U.S. Supreme Court Denies Certiorari ; A Final Rule Is Published -- Prospects for Legislative Action, William G. Whittaker, Analyst in Labor Economics, Economics Division, CRS 85-631 E, "March 20, 1985.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Bank and thrift institution failures
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Is the U.S. financial system in trouble? Do the recent failures of thrift institutions, banks and government-securities dealers--and the fears of further collapses--foreshadow serious trouble? Part I of the bibliography cites works on bank failures and Part II deals with thrift institutions, focusing on these questions and issues., Felix Chin, Senior Bibliographer, Economics, Library Services Division., CRS 85-757 L, "May 1985.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Banking deregulation
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Banking deregulation may be defined as the loosening of regulatory constraints on these institutions. Since the late 1970s, and as part of a broader trend toward deregulation, banking organizations have experienced many important changes in their regulatory environment. This report identifies the different kinds of deregulation that are under way. It then presents some "pro and con" arguments applicable both to financial deregulation generally and to specific kinds of banking deregulation under consideration in the Congress at the present time. Additional references are provided., F. Jean Wells, Specialist in Money and Banking, Economics Division, CRS 84-574 E, "March 22, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Basic reference sources for use by congressional offices
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An annotated guide to publications and other sources of information useful to Members of Congress and their staffs, covering congressional office management, the organization and operation of Congress, legislative responsibilities, services to constituents, and other duties of Congress., Rozanne M. Barry, Resources Development Specialist, Congressional Reference Division. Revised by Ruthann Ovenshire, Reference Specialist, Congressional Reference Division., CRS 84-218 C, "March 1968.", "Latest Revision December 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Bilingual education
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This paper analyzes recent evaluations of local school district programs serving limited-English-proficient (LEP) students in the U.S. It discusses the purpose and background of the Bilingual Education Act, describes the Basic Demonstration Projects under this Act, chronicles how the scope of the Federal program has expanded, defines the various instructional approaches for teaching LEP students, and presents the major findings of recent evaluations regarding the effectiveness of various types of local programs serving LEP students. The related research on second-language learning and bilingualism is also synthesized., Abstract -- Background. Basic Projects ; Demonstration Projects ; Expanded Scope of the Federal Bilingual Education Program ; Characteristics of LEP Students -- Alternative Instructional Approaches to Bilingual Education. English as a Second Language ; Immersion ; Transitional Bilingual Education -- Effectiveness of Basic and Demonstration Projects. American Institutes of Research Study ; Department of Education Literature Review ; NCBR Synthesis of Bilingual Education Program Evaluations ; Willig's Synthesis of Bilingual Education Program Evaluations ; Teaching Reading to Bilingual Children Study -- Effectiveness of Immersion Programs with Low-Income, Language-Minority Students in the United States -- Related Research on Second-Language Learning -- Summary., Rick Holland, Analyst in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division., CRS 86-611 EPW, "March 18, 1986.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Bovine growth hormone (somatotropin)
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Several U.S. companies plan to introduce a new product to the dairy industry called bovine growth hormone (bGH), or bovine somatotropin (BST). When injected into dairy cows in test herds, this product has stimulated large increases in milk output without corresponding increases in production costs. However, BST, which must gain Food and Drug Administration approval before it can be offered commercially, has raised a number of controversial questions among lawmakers, who are concerned about its impact on an already burdensome U.S. milk supply, on the structure and conduct of dairy farming, and on consumer safety, among other things., Abstract -- Introduction. Overview ; What is Bovine Somatotropin -- Implications for Agriculture. The U.S. Dairy Surplus ; Future Milk Supply ; BST: How Much Milk and How Soon? ; Implications for Federal Price Support Policy ; Practical Application and Cost ; Will BST Hurt Small Farmers? ; The U.S. Dairy Industry at a Crossroads -- Regulation of Bovine Somatotropin. Introduction ; Regulatory Status of BST ; Environmental Issues ; FDA's Consideration of Environmental Issues ; Efficacy and Animal Health Issues -- Some Consideration for Technology Development -- Questions for Further Study, Geoffrey S. Becker, Specialist, Enevironment and Natural Resources Policy Division, and Sarah Taylor, Analyst, Science Policy Research Division, CRS 86-1020 ENR/SPR, "November 20, 1986.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Brief assessment of S. 2165, The High Technology Research and Scientific Education Act of 1983
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The High Technology Research and Scientific Education Act of 1983 (S. 2165) would modify and extend the tax credit for research and development costs. This report explains the proposed changes and discusses issues surrounding the use of tax incentives for stimulating research and development., Jane Gravelle, Specialist in Industry Analysis and Finance, Economics Division., CRS 84-539 E, "January 31, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Brief history of congressional pay legislation
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This report provides a history of congressional pay legislation from 1789 to the present. It discusses the methods by which the salary of Members of Congress may be adjusted, including recent changes in the method by which Congress must disapprove a President's quadrennial pay recommendation. Additionally, the report discusses the pending proposal of the President to increase Members' salaries from $77, 400 to $89,500 per annum. Appendices to the report provide a history of the payable and legal salaries of Members of Congress from 1789-1987 and the effects of full comparability on the salary of Members from 1975-1987. (For companion CRS reports see: Federal Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Compensation: the Situation and Choices as the 100th Congress Convenes, Report 86-1021 GOV; Commission on Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries: A Historical summary, Report 86-1050 GOV; Rate of Increase of Selected Public and Private Wages and Public Pensions Compared with Change in Consumer Price Index, 1969-1987, Report 86-1004 GOV; and A Brief Report on Congressional Pay, Report 86-1051 GOV.), Paul E. Dwyer, Specialist in American National Government and Frederick H. Pauls, Senier Specialist in American National Government, Government Division, CRS 86-1022 GOV
"January 8, 1987"
SuDoc # LC 14. 18/3, Report missing pages 2 and 42
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Brief legislative history of title iv-a of the social security act
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This paper provides a brief legislative history of the program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), which was created by the Social Security Act of 1935. From the beginning each State has set its own benefit levels; but over the years Congress has altered many features of AFDC, including potential eligibility, treatment of earnings, and Federal share of funding. The paper traces these changes., Vee Burke, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 84-546 EPW, "February 24, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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