Congressional Research Service
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Brief report on congressional pay
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Frederich H. Pauls, Senior Specialist in American National Government and Paul E. Dwyer, Specialist in American National Government, Government Division, CRS 86-1051 GOV
"December 29, 1986."
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Budget documents primer
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The primer describes basic budget documents, providing notes on content, usual date of issue, distribution, and availability at the Library of Congress., Kurt E. Beske and Kristin M. Vajs, Bibliographers, Library Services Division., CRS 84-516 L, "February 10, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Budget estimates for fiscal year 1987
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The various budget proposals and estimates for fiscal year 1987 from the Administration and Congress are included and discussed in this report., CRS 86-1010 E, "November 20, 1986.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Budget sequestration procedures for fiscal year 1987
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Listing of Tables -- Executive Summary -- Background -- Issuance of Initial and Revised OMB/GBO Joint Reports -- Issuance of a Report by the Comptroller General -- House and Senate Action on Sequester Resolutions -- Action on Alternative Deficit-Reduction Legislation -- Modification of Sequestration Procedures., Robert A. Keith, Specialist in American National Government, Government Division, CRS 86-1049 G
"December 23, 1986"
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Campaign finance proposals to limit PACs and to grant free broadcast time
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This report analyzes the major campaign finance provisions of S. 1806 which was introduced by Senator David L. Boren in the 99th Congress. A constitutional analysis of the proposals to limit political action committees and to grant free broadcast time is made. The constitutionality of other provisions is made regarding such proposals as the prohibition of "bundling" by PACs of contributions to federal candidates., CRS 86-1017 A, "February 25, 1986.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Carbon dioxide, the greenhouse effect, and climate
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The report summarizes the present state of knowledge with respect to research and assessment of carbon dioxide effects, articulating the areas of emerging consensus and continuing disagreement, and focusing attention on the crucial uncertainties. Key scientific, technical, and social issues of contemporary carbon dioxide/climate debate are identified, and the implications and options for dealing with the possible effects of carbon dioxide-induced climatic change are outlined., Abstract -- The Issue -- What is the Greenhouse Effect -- Increases in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration: What the Record Indicates -- Sources and Sinks for Carbon Dioxide -- Temperature Effects -- Analysis and Discussion. Predicting Future Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels ; The Detection Problem: Finding the Signal in the Noise ; Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on People and the Environment -- Summary and Conclusions., CRS 84-594 SPR, "February 1, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Cash and non-cash benefits for persons with limited income
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This report summarizes basic eligibility rules, as of May 1983, for more than 70 cash and non-cash programs that benefit primarily persons of limited income. It also gives funding formulas, benefit levels, and, for fiscal years 1979-1981, recipient numbers and expenditure data for each program., CRS 83-110 EPW, "June 6, 1983.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Changes in the rate of child poverty
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Between 1979 and 1983, the propotion of children aged 5-17 in the United States who were in poverty families rose from 15.3 percent to 21.3 percent, falling to 20.3 percent in 1984. This report examines the possible implications of this trend for the Federal program of compensatory education for educationally disadvantaged children under chapter 1, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act. Specific topics discussed include the correlation of poverty and educational disadvantage, the specific effects of poverty concentration and duration on educational achievement, and a comparison of trends in chapter 1 participation with those in the number of poverty children., Abstract -- Introduction -- Relationships Between Child Poverty and Chapter 1, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act -- Correlation of Poverty with Educational Disadvantage. General Consolidations ; Summary of Research Findings ; Findings of Individual Major Reports ; Sustaining Effects Study, Final Report and Technical Report Number 20 (1983 and 1982, respectively) ; National Institute of Education Compensatory Education Study (1977) ; Synthesis of Correlation Studies by Karl White (1982) ; Analyses of the Relationship Between Poverty Concentration and Educational Disadvantage ; Relationship Between the Duration of Poverty and Educational Disadvantage -- Possible Implications of Recent Child Poverty Trends for Chapter 1 Programs, Wayne C. Riddle, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 86-773 EPW, "July 10, 1986.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Chapter 1, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act grants to local educational agencies for the education of disadvantaged children
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The 100th Congress is scheduled to consider legislation to reauthorize the Federal program of aid for the education of disadvantaged children, under chapter 1 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act. This report provides a discussion of a number of possible options for amendment of chapter 1., Abstract -- Outline of Selected Chapter 1 LEA Grant Reauthorization Options Discussed in this Report -- How Services are Delivered -- What Services are Delivered -- Who is Served -- How Resources are Allocated., Wayne Riddle, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 86-1032 EPW, "December 12, 1986.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Child sexual abuse/day care centers
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This Editorial Commentary includes editorials on child sexual abuse at day care centers selected from 100 newspapers monitored by the Congressional Research Service. The Commentary is divided into two sections. The first focuses comments on instances of child sexual abuse and is arranged chronologically. The second looks at suggestions, particularly administrative and legislative recommendations, for dealing with the specific problem of abuse and with the general issue of readily available quality day care. This section is arranged alphabetically by state. (For a review of legislative activity on this issue, see the issue brief IB81027 -- Child Day Care: the Federal Role.), Abstract -- Child Sexual Abuse -- What Should Be Done?. Arizona ; California ; District of Columbia ; Florida ; Idaho ; Indiana ; Mississippi ; New York ; Nevada ; North Carolina ; Ohio ; Rhode Island ; Tennessee., Marsha K. Cerny, Senior Bibliographer, Education and Public Welfare, Library Services Division., CRS 84-789 L, "November 2, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Child support enforcement
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From FY 1976 to FY 1982, total child support collections rose from $512 million to $1.8 billion; Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) collections rose from $204 million to $787 million. During the same period, the number of paternities established increased from 15,000 to 174,000. Notwithstanding its achievements, changes are proposed in the program because of the rising net cost of the program to the Federal Government and the perception that many parents still fail to pay child support obligations.
This paper examines the financing of the child support enforcement program, discusses various collection methods, explains the Administration's budget recommendations to restructure the Federal financing of the program, and analyzes title V of the proposed Economic Equity Act., Carmen D. Solomon, Analyst in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 83-530 EPW, "May 31, 1983.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Child welfare, foster care, and related programs under titles IV-B and IV-E of the Social Security Act
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This paper provides an historical overview of child welfare, foster care and related programs authorized under titles IV-B and IV-E of the Social Security Act and discusses how the programs currently operate, including participation data., Abstract -- Introduction -- Historical Overview (Prior to 1980). Child Welfare ; AFDC Foster Care ; Reasons for Change -- Current Program Descriptions. Child Welfare Services ; Foster Care ; Independent Living ; Adoption Assistance., Sharon Stephan, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division., CRS 87-324 EPW, "April 13, 1987.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Civil service retirement
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Abstract -- Introduction -- Withdrawal of Employee Contributions Under P.L. 99-335 -- Reduction of the Annuity. Retiree Characteristics Affecting the Annuity Reduction ; COLAs, Inflation, and Interest Rate Assumptions ; Accounting for Survivor Benefits -- Making the Withdrawal Decision -- Old Tax Law. Taxation of Pension Plan Distribution ; Old Tax Law Pertainting to Regular Pension Income -- Effects of New Tax Law on Withdrawals Under PL 99-335 -- Appendix A: Examples of Annuity Reduction Rates When CSRS Contributions are Withdrawn., The Federal Employees' Retirement System Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-335) allows retiring Federal employees to elect to withdraw, in one lump-sum, their contributions into the retirement system in exchange for a reduced annuity. This paper describes (1) the withdrawal provision and Office of Personel Management (OPM) regulations for the annuity reduction, and (2) tax treatment of the lump-sum withdrawal., Carolyn L. Merck, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 86-1023 EPW
"October 23, 1986"
"Updated December 10, 1986."
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Clean Water Act
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At the end of the last session of Congress, Congress overwhelming approved reauthorization of the Clean Water Act. President Reagan, objecting to the cost involved, vetoed the legislation. The Act was promptly reintroduced at the beginning of the 100th Congress and again overwhelming passed by both Houses of Congress, vetoed again by President Reagan, and subsequently passed by both Houses of Congress by sufficiently large margins to override the veto. This Overviews presents editorial commentary on the reauthorization of the Clean Water Act, the President's veto, and whether or not the Act should be reauthorized over President Reagan's objections., Where Clean Water Act Funds Would Go (New York Times) -- Editorials. Atlanta Constitution [Georgia] ; (Baltimore) Sun [Maryland] ; (Bergen) Record [New Jersey] ; Birmingham News [Alabama] ; Chicago Tribune [Illinois] ; Christian Science Monitor [Massachusettes] ; (Cleveland) Plain Dealer [Ohio] ; Des Moines Register [Iowa] ; Detroit Free Press [Michigan] ; Hartford Courant [Connecticut] ; Kansas City Times [Kansas] ; (Little Rock) Arkansas Gazette ; (Long Island) Newsday [New York] ; Miami Herald [Florida] ; Minneapolis Star and Tribune [Minnestoa] ; Milwaukee Tribune [Wisconsin] ; (Nashville) Tennessean ; (New Orleans) Times-Picayune [Louisiana] ; New York Times ; Philadelphia Inquirer [Pennsylvania] ; (Portland) Oregonian ; St. Louis Pos-Dispatch [Missouri] ; Salt Lake Tribune [Utah] ; Seattle Post-Intelligencer [Washington] ; Seattle Times [Washington] ; Washington Post ; Wichita Eagle-Beacon [Kansas], This Overviews was compiled by Adrienne Grenfell. Ann Eschete was responsible for this production of the editorials; Marsha Cerny oversaw the production of the publication., CRS 87-86 L, "January 1987.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Commercial television
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This report examines the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) policy governing children's programming practices on commercial networks. It discusses the calls for formal FCC standards by consumer groups, and FCC support of industry self regulation. Constitutional implications related to First Amendment rights of broadcasters are also discussed, along with the role played by Congress in its attempt to resolve the apparent impasse between the parties., Abstract -- Introduction -- History and Background. Industry Changes in Children's Programming Guidelines -- Federal Communications Commission's 1974 Children's Television Report and Policy Statement. ACT's Response to the 1974 Children's Policy Statement ; The 1979 Children's Television Task Force -- Congressional Action Regarding Quantification Standards for Children's Televisions -- Summary Observations -- Appendix: Federal Communications Commission: A Children's Programming Fact Sheet., CRS 84-663 E, "June 6, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Commission on executive, legislative and judicial salaries
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Abstract -- Introduction -- Membership -- Staff Support -- Funding -- Commission's Responsibilities -- President's Responsibilities -- Congress' Responsibilities -- Amending Legislation -- Salary Rate Recommendations., The Commission on Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries is activated every four years for the purpose of studying the compensation available to top officials of the U.S. Government. The enabling legislation for this Commission has been substantially amended several times. This report provides a topical history of the Commission. It discusses the responsibilities of the Commission, the President, and the Congress. Membership, funding, and staff support are also discussed.
The closing section of the report contains tables showing various Commission's recommendations, those of the President, and the disposition of the Presidential recommendations. The five tables at the end of the report present the following salary rate data: 1) salary in effect when Commission met; 2) Commission salary recommendations; 3) President's salary recommendations; and 4) information on whether the President's recommendations went into effect. [N.B. No summary is provided for this report because it is not conducive to being succinctly or usefully summarized.]
For companion CRS reports see: Paul E. Dwyer and Frederick H. Pauls, A Brief History of Congressional Pay, CRS Report No., 86-1022 GOV, November 24, 1986 and, by the same authors, A Brief Report on Congressional Pay, CRS Report 86-1051 GOV, December 29, 1986; CRS Report 86-1004 GOV, Rate of Increase of Selected Public and Private Wages and Public Pensions Compared with Change in Consumer Price Index, 1969-1987, by Frederick H. Pauls, Paul E. Dwyer, Kirk Brown and Roger Walke, November 20, 1986; and, Federal Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Compensation, Report No. 86-1021 GOV, December 30, 1986, by James P. McGrath., Sharon S. Gressle, Analyst in American National Government, Government Division, CRS 86-1050 GOV
"December 30, 1986"
"Updated January 8, 1987"
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Community services block grants
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The Community Services Block Grant (CSBG) program began in FY 1982, replacing the Community Services Administration (CSA), a former independent executive branch agency. CSA itself had succeeded the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), a key component of the War of Poverty in the mid-1960s. Most of the local antipoverty agencies which operated under OEO still are functioning under the Community Services Block Grant program. The 98th Congress is considering legislation to reauthorize the CSBG. This paper explains the history the antipoverty program, provides budget information and current program data, and discusses the pending legislation., Abstract -- Introduction -- Brief History -- The Community Services Block Grant Act -- Budget -- Program Data -- Reauthorization -- Appendix: State Allotments of CSBG Funds, FYs 1983 and 1984., CRS 84-657 EPW, "May 30, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Community-based long-term care
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The growth of the elderly population, combined with rising expenditures for institutional long-term care services, has generated interest in strengthening community-based services for the sick and disabled and in altering the way in which these services are organized and financed. Studies have shown that community-based health and social services can be effective in reducing institutionalization and improving longevity and patient satisfaction. However, the overall costs associated with community-based long-term care remain unknown, as does the number of persons potentially in need of such services. In some cases, costs for such care may exceed amounts spent for the equivalent level of institutional care., Richard Price, Specialist in Social Legislation, and Carol O'Shaughnessy, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division., CRS 84-733 EPW, "August 17, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Comparable worth and equal pay
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This compilation presents editorials printed during January 1, 1984 to January 7, 1985 on comparable worth and equal pay. The editorials represent all those appearing on that subject in 55 newspapers monitored by the Congressional Research Service. The editorials are arranged by region (East, South, Midwest and West) to illustrate the concerns and responses in various parts of the country, and chronologically within each regional section. In addition, several articles, presenting press coverage of the issues, introduce the compilation and provide background information., Sherry B. Shapiro, Senior Bibliographer, Government and Law., CRS 85-575 L, "February 22, 1985.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Comparative energy risk assessments
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This report discusses the major factors which have made, and continue to make, the comparison of risks from different energy sources a difficult task. In particular, it addresses six areas of fundamental difficulty in making such comparisons. These areas include--portion of the fuel cycle included, technologies to be used, level of technology, assumptions of market penetration and siting, allocations between energy and non-energy risks, and comparing dissimilar risks. The report illustrates the magnitude of the problems of risk comparison by demonstrating the range of results obtained from some of the major energy risk assessments. A compilation of recent major energy risk assessments and energy risk comparisons in both the U.S. and other countries is also included., Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical Difficulties. What portions of the Fuel Cycle Are/Should Be Incorporated in the Computation of Total Risk? ; What Technologies Are/Should Be Used to Compute the Risk From Each Source? ; What Level of Technology Should Be Used to Compute Risks for Each Energy Source? ; Should the Same Market Penetration, Siting, and Other Factors be Assumed for Each Technology? ; How Should Risks Be Allocated Between Energy and Non-Energy Sectors ; How Does One Compare Apples and Oranges? -- Conclusion -- Appendix I: References., Gail H. Marcus, specialist in Science and Technology, Science Policy Research Division, CRS 85-730 SPR, "May 2, 1985.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Comparison of 98th Congress bills proposing enterprise zones, revitalization areas, or job expansion areas
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This comparison shows the main features of the Administration's enterprise zone bills, and of the several bills that have been introduced in the 98th Congress as alternatives. These are the bills that have been the subject of hearings. H.R. 1735 (Mitchell) and S. 634 (Hart et al.) are companion bills emphasizing participation by residents and community organizations in Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP's) and General Stock Ownership Corporations (GSOC's). H.R. 2375 (Nowak) includes provisions for extension of the Economic Development Administration programs and increased activity by the Small Business Administration, in addition to the tax incentives featured in the other bills., Charlotte Breckenridge, Analyst in Regional Economics, Economics Divsion, CRS 84-706 E, "July 30, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Comparison of leading Price-Anderson Act reauthorization vehicles at the close of the 99th Congress
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The Price-Anderson Act creates a source of funds to cover liability resulting from a nuclear incident, and also limits liability per incident. Key elements of the Act expire August 1, 1987. This report offers side-by-side comparison of the leading reauthorization bills pending at the close of the 99th Congress., Robert Meltz, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division, CRS 86-1013 A, "November 24, 1986.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Comparison of major provisions of selected bills on spousal impoverishment under medicaid
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Concern has been expressed about the impact various Medicaid rules have on married couples when one member of the couple requires long-term nursing home care and the other spouse remains in the community. A number of bills have been introduced in the 100th Congress to address the impoverishment an elderly spouse in the community may experience as a result of Medicaid rules, when the other spouse becomes eligible for Medicaid as a nursing home patient. This paper compares the provisions of three so-called "spousal impoverishment" bills., Richard J. Price, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 87-399, "May 1, 1987.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Comparison of state plant closing laws
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As of March 1, 1983, at least 10 States had enacted "plant closing" laws. These laws take various forms. Some require businesses to notify workers in advance of a closing. Others require the State or businesses to provide such benefits as health insurance, severance pay, or reemployment assistance to displaced workers. Still others set up a program of assistance to help workers buy plants threatened with closure. This paper outlines and compares the provisions of these 10 State laws., Mary Jane Bolle, Specialist in Labor Economics, and Gerald E. Saunders, Reference Assistant, Labor Section, Econmics Division., CRS 84-556 E, "March 6, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Comparison of the Departments of Energy and Health and Human Services weatherization assistance programs
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The Federal Government administers two weatherization programs designed to assist low-income households reduce the cost of home energy consumption: (1) the Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance program and (2) the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Low-Income Home Energy Assistance program (LIHEAP), Weatherization Assistance Component. This paper summarizes the purpose, eligibility criteria, and relevant data and expenditures of these two weatherization programs., Evelyn Howard and Mary Pilote, Analysts in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division, Updated by Joe Richardson and Mary F. Smith, Specialists in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division, CRS 87-235 EPW, "May 16, 1985."
"Updated March 19, 1987.", SuDoc# 14. 18/3
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Comparison of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (PL 89-329), as amended and H.R. 3700, the Higher Education Amendments of 1985, as.. ...
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This paper provides a title-by-title comparison and contrast of major current law provisions of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (PL 89-329), as amended, with thos of the reauthorizing legislation as passed by the House on December 4, 1985 and by the Senate on June 3, 1986: HR 3700, the Higher Education Amendments of 1985 and S. 1965, the Higher Education Amendments of 1986. After the Senate passed S. 1965, the House passed S. 1965 amended with the language of H.R. 3700 as passed by the House.
Those who have contributed to this report want to express their appreciation to Nan Hill for her exceptional editorial skills and perseverance in preparing this report., David S. Osman, Specialist in Education, Susan Boren, Specialist in Education, Charlotte Fraas, Specialist in Social Legislation, Paul M. Irwin, Specialist in Education, K. Forbis Jordan, Senior Specialist in Education, Wayne C. Riddle, Specialist in Education, James Stedman, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division., CRS 86-745 EPW, "June 26, 1986.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Comparison of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's groundwater protection strategies
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Since 1979, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has expended considerable effort on developing an approach to protect groundwater from pollution. Because groundwater protection has traditionally been a right of the States, EPA sought to develop a groundwater protection strategy that would establish agency policy to protect groundwater under existing Federal statutes, but be sensitive to the rights and protection efforts of the States. EPA's efforts to prepare a groundwater strategy have been controversial and the strategy has been redrafted three times. This report compares and contrasts the three EPA groundwater strategies. EPA's executive summary of the proposed third version of the groundwater strategy is included in an appendix., Abstract -- Overview of EPA's Groundwater Protection Strategy Development -- Groundwater Strategy #1. Key Concepts ; Approach -- Groundwater Strategy #2. Key Concepts ; Approach -- Groundwater Strategy #3. Key Concepts ; Approach -- Comparison of the EPA Groundwater Protection Strategies -- Appendix I: A Ground-Water Protection Strategy for the Environmental Protection Agency, January 1984, Executive Summary -- Appendix II: Letters Exchanged Between Interior Secretary James G. Watt and Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt on the EPA Groundwater Policy., CRS 84-528 ENR, "February 8, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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Compilation of selected laws relating to the National Security Council,
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National Security Council: Establishment and Functions -- National Security Act: Accountability for Intelligence Activities -- National Security Act: Funding of Intelligence Activities -- National Security Act: Notice to Congress of Transfers of Defense Articles -- Arms Export Control Act: Regulates All Arms Sales -- "Boland Amendment", 1986 ("Contras") -- "Boland Amendment", ("Contras") -- "Pell Amendment" ("Contras") -- Funding, Transfers, and Reprogramming -- Availability of Appropriation As to Purpose -- Augmentation of approapriations -- Unauthorized Expenditures -- Independent Counsel -- Federal Criminal Code (18 U.S.C.). Criminal Conspiracy (371) ; False Statements (1001) ; Obstruction of Committe Proceedings (1505) ; Obstruction of Criminal Investigations (1510) ; Witness Immunity ; Congressional Proceedings (6005) ; Immunity Generally (6002)., Recent allegations of wrongdoing in the course of arms transfers and the funneling of funds to support Contra forces in Nicaragua have raised questions regarding restrictions on such activities found in federal law. This report consists of a compilation of some of the laws which may have relevance to on-going investigations. The inclusion or exclusion of specific provisions is in no way intended to reflect a judgment as to their applicability to actual events., American Law Division, CRS 86-1028 A
"November 26, 1986"
"Revised December 5, 1986"
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Concentration in the U.S. daily newspaper industry
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This report discusses concentration in the daily newspaper industry. More specifically, section I examines various ways national concentration in the industry might be defined and measured. Sections II and III discuss the trends in group ownership and the number of U.S. cities with competing dailies. Section IV looks at some Federal laws and regulations that affect concentration in the industry. Finally, section V presents some concluding observations., Abstract -- Introduction -- National Concentration in the Daily Newspaper Industry. Concentration Ratios Based on the Value of Sales ; Concentration Ratios Based on Circulation ; Concentration Ratios Based on Ownership -- Group Ownership. Trends ; Summary of Causes and Effects -- Intracity Concentration. Trends and Causes ; Summary of Effects -- Public Policy -- Conclusion -- Appendix. Supplemental Newspaper Industry Data, R. Kevin Flaherty, Reference Assistant, Industry Analysis and Finance Section, Economic Division, CRS 84-636 E, "April 30, 1984.", "Revised July 10, 1984.", SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3
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