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Title
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National teachers' examination: Background and issues
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Date
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1985
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Summary
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This paper provides background information on the current proposals that would require all new teachers to pass a national teacher competency test before becoming eligible for internship or certification. In addition to providing an overview of the current proposals, brief discussions are provided about the various problems and experiences with testing programs of other professions such as law, medicine, nursing, and professional engineers. Current teacher examination practices among the States are summarized, and alternative responses for professional organizations and teacher education institutions are explored. The last sections of this paper address procedural questions, potential impact, and Federal options.
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Title
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Nicaragua: Selected figures and facts on foreign trade and U.S. trade sanctions
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Date
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1986
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Summary
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This report presents the most recent available statistical data on the United States' trade with Nicaragua and Nicaragua's overall foreign trade. It contains a survey of trade sanctions imposed by the United States against Nicaragua, and a listing of articles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that are most relevant to the imposition of trade sanctions.
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Title
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National minimum drinking age: Provisions and analysis
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Date
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1984
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Summary
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The National Minimum Drinking Age (NMDA) law reqiures that States not in the compliance with the 21-minimum-age-law by fiscal year 1987 face a loss of a portion of their Federal-aid highway funds. The report discusses the provisions and sanction effects.
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Title
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Most-favored-nation treatment of foreign trading partners by the United States: A summary
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Date
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1987
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Summary
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"Most-favored-nation" (MFN) status entitles the country to which it has been granted to the same advantages that have been extended by granting country to any other country; MFN treatment, consequently, means in fact: nondiscriminatory, equal treatment. The United States extends the MFN treatment in foreign trade to all countries except to most Communist countries. Generally, MFN status can be granted by the United States to Communist country only if the latter's emigration policy is substantially nonrestrictive. Under this procedure, in effect since 1975, MFN status has been extended to Romania, Hungary, and China, which together with the earlier Communist MFN beneficiaries, Poland and Yugoslavia, are the only Communist countries to which the United States accords the MFN status.
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Title
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Minority ownership of broadcast facilities: A summary of federal communications commission's policies and rules
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Date
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1987
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Summary
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In James Steele vs. FCC, 770 F. 2d 1192 (D.C. Circ. 1985), which involved the award of a broadcast license to a woman using in part a preference system that allowed the Commission to award the license despite the existence of a competing application from a more broadcast-experienced male, a Federal appeals court in a two-to-one ruling in August 1985, struck down preferences for women in awarding FCC licenses. This report reviews the event that led to the FCC's original decision to implement a minority preference system in awarding broadcast licenses, and summarizes chronologically FCC policies and rules that have been implemented since then to increase minority ownership. An assessment of the effects such policies and rules have had on minority broadcast ownership is also provided. This is followed by a discussion of congressional reaction to the FCC's position on preferences and legislative initiatives that have been introduced to date in support of diversifying ownership of broadcast facilities.
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Title
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Credit cards: Selected references
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Date
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1985
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Summary
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Credit cards offer an alternative to using checks or cash for payment transactions. Currently there are over 600 million credit cards in circulation. This bibliography lists publications concerning the credit card industry and related subjects.
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Title
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State laws limiting liability of food donors
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Date
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1987
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Summary
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This report lists state laws limiting the liability of donors who give food to charitable organizations or food banks and of charitable organizations or food banks who distribute food.
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Title
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Selected CRS reports on environmental protection
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Date
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1985
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Summary
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This report lists selected CRS writings on environmental issues. Most of the papers cited were written by members of the Environmental Protection Section of the Environmental Policy and Natural Resources Division at CRS. Topics addressed include acid rain, air quality, water quality, the EPA, pesticides, and hazardous wastes.
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Title
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Social security and medicare: How are they treated in determining the national debt?
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Date
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1985
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Summary
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The national debt represents the outstanding liabilities of the Federal Government at any given time. Because the national debt includes Federal securities in which the income of the social security and medicare programs is invested, the question is sometimes asked: What effect do social security and medicare have on the size of the national debt, and vice versa? This paper describes how these programs relate to the national debt and the statutory debt ceiling.
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