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Title: CRS84627EPWpage12
Page from: info:fedora/mu:80533
Text: of the phenomenon, it is widely agreed that levels of scho- lastic achievement, as measured by standardized test scores, have declined over a period beginning approximately in the mid-to-late l960s, reaching a new (lower) plateau in the,early 19805. It is not the purpose of this paper to provide a detailed description or analysis of these test score trends. 1/ 7/ For further details, see (for example) heclining

Title: CRS84627EPWpage15
Page from: info:fedora/mu:80533
Text: perform differently in different subjects, this disaggrega- tion of test score trends (by subject and type of student) is of greater ana- lytical interest and value than simply aggregate scores for all types of students in all subjects. 8/ The specific years for the initial and final years which are com- pared—vary by subject. For reading they are 1974-75 and l979-l980, for mathematics 1972-73 and 1977-78

Title: CRS84627EPWpage14
Page from: info:fedora/mu:80533
Text: E CR5-6 '1-Although these scores are widely publicized and are based on tests admin- istered annually to large numbers of students throughout the Nation, there are important reasons why they should 2g£_be accepted as an appropriate (or even the best available) measure of trends in the aggregate achievement level of elementary and secondary school pupils. The SAT is taken only by college

Title: CRS84627EPWpage26
Page from: info:fedora/mu:80533
Text: caséla Subject Areas »With respect to the three basic subject areas considered earlier in this Paper (reading, mathematics, and science), the chapter 1 (title I)_program has also had a consistent and strong emphasis, in this case on reading. According to State reports for 1981-82, 72 percent of chapter 1 (title I) participants received instruction in reading, but only 42 percent in mathematics

Title: CRS84627EPWpage19
Page from: info:fedora/mu:80533
Text: CRS-11 this period--an overall growth of 13 percent, and a decline of 18 percent be- tween FY 1975 and FY 1984. 1 Thus, when viewed in the aggregate in these terms, Federal aid appears to be relatively modest in terms of either its share of total elementary or secon- dary education expenditures, or in terms of its rate of growth when adjusted for inflation (although there was "

Title: CRS84627EPWpage09
Page from: info:fedora/mu:80533
Text: --oriameliorate--this decline. lhe following quotations--the first two from President Reagan, the third from Senator Robert Stafford, and the fourth from a vice president of the College Board--help to illustrate this debate. P P P A 600fpercent increase in Federal spending on education between 1960 and 1980 was accompanied by a steady decline in Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores. 2/ ‘ Federal money cannot buy educational

Title: CRS84627EPWpage37
Page from: info:fedora/mu:80533
Text: CRS-29 grbups (e.g., senior high school students) at whom national programs have not _ been targeted. Some may contend that the principal Federal postsecondary education programs, which provide student assistance (grants and loans) simply on the basis of financial need without any reference to scholastic achievement, fail to proyide an incentive for high school students to attain the highest levels of achievement of which they are capable. iAlthough simply a contention,_and a line of argument that many educators would find to be rather disheartening, such statements would at least be consistent with the yachievement and Federal activity findings discussed in sections A and B, above.

Title: CRS87381Lpage01
Page from: info:fedora/mu:73703
Text: *8:-9s%'~"h :44 Washington, D.C. 20540 87-381 L Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress ‘f’ if i ii ‘:34’ ‘ W ‘. . T‘ '_ ernment Publications. Unﬁ ’ J. ..... .- Auei 7 i994 '9 R :1 4.: 1 2‘ $4 4» A I Louis. 14063130 DEFENSE REORGANIZATION: BIBLIOGRAPHY-IN-BRIEF, 1976°l987 This reading list presents information on the Department of Defense, various Defense

Title: CRS87381Lpage11
Page from: info:fedora/mu:73703
Text: , 1983-May 24, 1984. Washington, G.P.O., 1983-1984. 8 v. (Hearing, Senate, 98th Congress, lst session, 5. Hrg. 98-150) KF26 .C67 1983f Weinberger, Caspar W. United States defense policy. Atlantic community quarterly, v. 19, fall 1981: 259-263. LRS8l-14866 Reviews some vital interests of NATO countries and suggests ways of achieving greater collective defense capabilities. Surveys the U.S. defense

Title: CRS87381Lpage09
Page from: info:fedora/mu:73703
Text: Subcommittee.. 1 Impact of civilian personnel ceilings on the contracting-out process. Hearing, 96th Cong., 2d sess. Sept. 22, 1980. Washington, C.P.O., 1981. 93 p. LRS81-920 At head of title: H.A.S.C. no. 96-71. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. ~--Department of Defense authorization for appropriations for fiscal year i 1987. Hearings, 99th Congress, 2nd session on S. 2199, Feb. 5-May 6

Title: CRS87381Lpage13
Page from: info:fedora/mu:73703
Text: of those orders. Hastedt, Glenn P. S Military reorganization, civil-military relations and the Carter presidency. Bureaucrat, v. 9, summer 1980: 23-30. LRS80-19691 Evaluates the Carter Administration's efforts to reorganize the Dept. of Defense. Holmes, Kim R. A solid case for Pentagon reorganization. iwashington, Heritage Foundation, 1986. 14 p. (Backgrounder no. 508) LRS86-3253