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, and the grant programs--which are impacted much differently under GRH than under the Administration's budget. The following table summarizes these impacts on new budget authority (in millions): TABLE 4. Energy Conservation ‘Program Group FY86 under GRH FY87 under GRH Admin. FY87 Budget Research and Development $170.9 $156.5 $34.4 Conservation g Grants $256.6 $235.0 $ 5.0 2/ Prepared by Gary J. Pagliano.,
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to such assistance in the case of terrorist sup- porting countries. See, e.g., 22 U.S.C.A. §§ 2371, 2753 (f), 2778(a). 2778(e) (Supp.). 3/ 49 Fed. Reg. 2836 (1984). 3/ 15 C.F.R. § 385.4(d)(3)(i). fif A."validated license" is a document issued by, or under the author- ity of the Office of Export Administration, authorizing a specific export. 15 C.F.R. § 372.2(a). éf 84 Dept. of State Bull. 68 (1984
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CCRS-16 that government the reasons of such imprisonment; and if it appears to be wrongful and in violation of the rights of American citizenship, the Presi- dent shall forthwith demand the release of such citizen, and if the release so demanded is unreasonably delayed or refused, thePresident shall use such means, not amounting to acts of war, as he many think necessary and proper to obtain
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applicable laws. At the outset it should be noted that no definitive answer on the ultimate question of the legality of the Administration's actions in this regard is possible at this time. Neither this writer nor anyone in the Congressional Research Service is privy to the details of the transactions alleged to have transpired during the last 18 months. Clearly, the absence of such vital information
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for this reason but 17/ also for "otherwise supportfing] international terrorism."~ That section _1_.‘_§_/ "(b) WAIVER. --- The President may waive the prohibition con- tained in subsection (a) in the case of a particular export if the Presi- dent determines that the export is important to the national interest of the United States and submits to the Congress a report justifying that de
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LC, Rpfi-ff M Ir/oi» é__ /665/9 86-1005A ,. Congressional Research Service Y‘*0, it ii 2 The Library of Congress f)4%}fiI "ve Q1,,*s‘» Washington, D.C. 20540 LAWS IMPLICATED BY SHIPMENTS OF MILITARY MATERIALS TO IRAN Raymond J. Celada Senior.Specia1ist In American Public Law November 20, 1986 Revised November 24, 1986
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contribute to Federal expenditures and the deficit as any other program does. What is more, the Waste Fund programs are not exempt from sequestration under the Gramm4Rudman-Hollings. Act. The following table lists the Waste Fund program budget. TABLE 3. Nuclear Waste Fund Year g Amount §§ million) FY86 Appropriation 521.5 ‘FY86 GRH 499.0 FY87 Administration Request 769.3 FY88 Administration Estimate 863.1
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CRS—23, certification requirements. In some cases, participants must agree to teach a specified length of time. Teacher Competency Testing. Before the school reform movement, States had started to test the compe- tency of their teachers. In March 1984, reports indicate that about 30 States were at some stage in planning to test, or actually testing, their public school teachers, and that 12 other
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cited statistics indicating that more than 100,000 of the approximately 2,500,000 teachers in the Nation are teaching full-time outside their fields and another 57,000 teachers are teaching more than three-quarters of their time outside their fields. if The children in the baby "boomlet" forecast in the 1980 Census appear to be enrolling in the schools. These enrollment increases
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CRS-20 teachers; under the plan, the "apprentices" would serve 3-years as "teaching interns" while completing college coursework to meet certification require- ments. 22/ The "career" or "professional" teacher classification is intended for the fully-qualified person who has fulfilled the apprenticeship requirements, but either has not met all requirements
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_l1/ The Condition of Education 1981 Edition, p. 74; and The Condition of Education 1985 Edition, pp. 144, 146. 4 13/ The Condition of Education 1985 Edition, pp. 146, 148. l§/ The Condition of Education 1981 Edition, p. 74; and The Condition of Education 1985 Edition, p. 146.
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. NCES projections suggest that total enrollments of all age groups in 4-year institutions of higher education will drop from 12.4 million students in 1982 to 11.8 million students in 1992. 12/ This suggests that the pool of lg] The Condition of Education 1982 Edition. National Center for Education Statistics. 1982. p. 86. 'lg/ "The Condition of Education 1984 Edition. National Center
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attendance records, and to teachers who accept assignments in schools with high percentages of disadvantaged students. In terms of the actual im- pact of the proposal, over half of the district's teachers have participated in the program; but the total supplements have represented less than 10 percent of the expenditures for teacher salaries. Under the Florida school reform legislation, State funds
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CRS-19" $3 million for FY 1988, and $4 million for FY 1989. The level of the potential award and the projected number of recipients suggest that the authorized funds ,would be barely sufficient to provide for one fellowship per congressional district over the 4-year life of the program, rather than one fellowship per congressional district per year.’ , Supporters of the teacher excellence
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nor the NEA gathers information. about teacher shortages by subject areas. however, recent estimates from the NCES project about 140,000 new teacher graduates per year between 19869 and 1993. This supply number must be balanced with a projected demand for an average of over 185,000 new teachers per year between 1986 and 1993. 2/ For several years, the Association of School, College and University
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the general implementation of some concept or program. Comprehensive Federal programs to increase the supply of teachers or to improve the quality of teachers have been funded previously. In the late 1950s and 19603, as a part of a larger effort to improve the Nation's schools, Congress enacted the Education Professions Development Act and included programs to improve the quality of the Nation
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the cost of any improvements are not deductible uless they are. incurred for qualified edu- cational or nmdical ex- penses. \_ . The deduction for consumer interest will be phased out over a 5-year period: 352 , disallowed in 1987, 602 in 1988, 802 in 1989, 902 in 1990 and 100% in 1991. De- duction of investment inter- est is limited to net in- vestment income. Excess of investment interest up to the $10,000
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from gross income the am- ount contributed to an in- dividual retirement account -- up to the larger of $2,000 or 100% of employ- ment income per year ($250 for a nonworking spousal IRA). Income Averaging , Eligible individuals could reduce their tax liabili- ties for a year in which their income was at least 40% greater than their av- erage income for the pre- ceding 3 years. Tax Reform Act
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%.) There was a limited exclu- sion of income for qualified unemployment compensation benefits for single individ- uals with less than $12,000 and nmrried.couples with less than$18,000 of income. The amount of certain schol- arship and fellowship grants was excludable from income. Certain prizes and awards that are received for a- chievement ix: fields such as charity, the sciences, and the arts were exclude- ble from
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