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recognizes that scientific and technical information is developing at a rapid pace and that training programs, are needed to keep employees abneast of changes._2§/ .§§/ Voluntary Support of Education, 1979-80. Council for Financial Aid to Education, May 1981. p. S. .§£/ Brazziel, William F. College Corporate Partnerships: Studies in Cooperative Efforts in Education and Staff Development. National Institute
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that the primary beneficiaries of postsecon- dary education are students, not society at large, and therefore, students should shoulder the costs. This rationale is supplemented by the position that the tax- paying public should not be forced to provide heavy subsidies for the education _2_9_/ Ibid.
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Daily, October 20, 1981. p. 4. _-’-g_C_3_/ Ibid. fig] The Federal Role in Postsecondary Education: Unfinished Business, 1975-1980, March 1975. 23_The Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education. A Summary of Reports and Recommendations. 1980. p. 34. .gg/ Administration, College Officials Debate Federal Education Role, p. 5.
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schools may have some difficulty maintaining the quality of their student bodies. gj The following discussion has been summarized from Three Thousand Futures, Final Report of the Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education, 1980.
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CRS-20 the Higher Education Act. During the past few years, States have begun to play a greater role as they have enacted student grant and loan programs to supple- ment the Federal programs. With a lower level of funding, but in a more targeted manner, private sources have continued their long tradition of providing student assistance. This distribution of support from these three sources
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be borne by students. A third is the degree to which tuition should vary in terms of the costs of different levels of education-community colleges, lower division, upper division professional schools, and graduate schools. A fourth issue is whether tuition vary by program in terms of either the actual cost or the N Io. X , P0 870 N) 0‘ ¥ Gladieux, Lawrence E. The Future of Student Financial Aid, p. 18.
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HIGHER EDUCATION CONDITIONS AND ISSUES FOR THE 19808 if The interaction of demographics, a reduced rate of economic growth, and ris- ing fiscal demands from other social services undoubtedly will have an impact on higher education delivery systems in America for the remainder of this century. Matters of concern include enrollment trends, the future of different types of higher education
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;11. ’:-, ' »- Hg)‘ EL E 3 RA RY Washington University . ‘CC’ , . ,. V‘ f'»~,.‘ fa’? .~.rnE%fi%%§%a;&m §%§s §g@%&%$%i fififiws HIGHER EDUCATION CONDITIONS AND ISSUES FOR THE 19805 pee‘ Lifiss-’?63 K. Forbis Jordan Senior Specialist in Education Office of Senior Specialists June 21, 1983
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CRS84686ENRpage40
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CRS-28% As discussed in the sections on the aquatic environment and soils, some scientists believe that the damage that isobserved in forests and lakes is from natural causes. Klein and Vogelmann state with respect to natural causes being responsible for the damage at Camel's Hump: Hypotheses based on drought, insect, or disease etiology are grossly inadequate, although drought certainly can be a contributing stress factor explaining some but not all of the observed and simulated _alterations. Inadequate evidence and illogical interpretations mitigate against acceptance of a drought causation much as this would please some sectors of the economy. l ' Status of Information. Scientists agreé that no direct cause and effect relationship has yet been found for the damage that forests are receiving. As Ralph Perhac, director of the Electric Power Research Institute expressed it: We are hard-pressed to relate that%damage to a specific agent or to demonstrate effects that can specifically be attributed to acidic deposition. i Dr. Arthur Johnson capsulizes the problems researchers experience in trying to find a cause and effect link: We cannot, at present, confidentlygassess what is actually happening or what might happen in our forests based on the experimental results because we lack detailed process-level information, because the exper- imental acid applications are not uniform in producing benefit or harm, and because the experimental conditions are simple compared to the complex of factors which controls the growth, reproduction, and health of trees in the forest. f Many scientists think that because causal relationships cannot at present be identified, more research is the most reasonable course of action. the American Paper Institute and the National Forest Products Association state: The lack of scientific consensus on possible damage to forests and other ecosystems, coupled with aberrations on what should have been the expected trends in deposition and effects . . . lead the forest products industry to a consensus view of serious reservation about the environmental benefit which would result from several of the acid rain control proposals now before Congress. . . . We strongly support the research program. . . directed at finding answers to questions that should be resolved before any additional plan on acid rain can be developed.
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CRS84686ENRpage10
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10. ll. 12.‘ 13. CRS-viii National Wildlife Federation, "Acid Rain: Its State by State Impact" Colorado River Wildlife Council, letter Letter to the President, signed by 24 Senators and Congressmen, dated November 17, 1983 C Bolye, article in Sports Illustrated, "A Rain of Death on the Striper?" e V The Courier Journal, "Region Falls Victim to Own Pollution" New York
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CRS84686ENRpage66
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.S. SENATOR WEST VIRGINIA Before Congress mandates additional‘sulfur dioxide reductions on the order of 10 to 12 million tons above and beyond the requirements of current law, prudence dictates that the uncertainties about the causes and consequences of acid deposition be addressed as quickly as possible. I have introduced legislation (5. 454) which would mandate an ac- celeration of the Task Force efforts
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CRS84686ENRpage31
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CRS-19D Others, while acknowledging that acidified aquatic environments were detrimentally altered, were more hesitant in citing acid deposition as the cause. Dr. Brown stated: Many scientists tend to believe that acid rain is responsible dfor the loss of fish in some lakes and other undesirable aquatic effects in the more sensitive areas; .... However they usually concede that the evidence
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SUMMARY OF OVERSIGHT HEARINGS_ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACID PRECIPITATION ACT OF 1980 PURPOSE or HEARING On April 30, 1984 the Senate Comittee on Energy and Natural Resources held an oversight hearing on the implementation of the Acid Precipitation Act of 1980.. In effect, this hearing was a continuation of the Committee's 1982 hearing "Acid Precipitation and the Use of Fossil Fuels
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CRS84686ENRpage73
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.S. While APPA believes action is warranted now, the actions taken should be moderate in scope. 1. There should be a nationwide funding mechanism based on S02 and NOX taxes on emissions from all fossil fueled sources. 2. Funds raised should be applied to the most cost-effective emission reduction measures. 3. Emission reductions should be based on a "pay as you go“ approach. 4. The reduction program
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CRS86620Apage23
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CRS-20 Texas, stated that "it is my understanding that this legislation is expressly neutral with respect to that litigation." 131 Cong. Rec. H 9916 (daily ed., Nov. 7, 1985)(statement of Rep. Boulter). The floor manager agreed with this statement, but added that "my response is not intended to be inconsistent with the statutory language and the statement of managers which must
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action by employees challenging the law- fulness of an employer's unilateral reduction of regular pay or fringe bene- fits instituted prior to enactment of these amendments." 131 Cong. Rec. H 9916 (daily ed., Nov. 7, 1985) (statement of Rep. Bartlett). Another Rep- resentative, noting a court challenge to actions’by the city of Amarillo,
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