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CRS84521ENRpage46
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CRS84521ENRpage46
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the baseload capacity of these companies is mostly fossil- fired, their plants emit S02 and Nox. In 1980, Florida Power reports emitting about 171,209 of sulfur dioxide, about 24 percent of Florida's total utility S02 emissions. Most of this came from three power stations: (l)Crystal River Units 1 and_2 (964.3 MW, 69,375 tons of S02), (2) Anclote Units 1 and 2 (1030 MW, 56,872 tons of S02) and (3
CRS861012ENRpage30
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CRS861012ENRpage30
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Share of Share of Of Income Farm Tzpe Of Farms Acreage gSales From Farming Very Small (Sales of p less than $10,000) 48,72 l3Z 3.6% ‘ 00% Small (Sales from — $10,000-$39,999) ‘ 23.22 18% 9.62 s 9% Medium (Sales from , , $40,000-$199,999) 23.62 472 39.32 58% Large (Sales of at 0 least $200,000) 0 4.52 222 47.52 912 SOURCE: "Agriculture Overview: U.S° Food/Agriculture in a Volatile World Economy
CRS84521ENRpage18
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CRS84521ENRpage18
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of meeting the reduction requirement by fuel switching. Also, the first-year price spike was reduced to the level of that incurred by fuel switching. Similar results could be expected of Senator Glenn's proposal. The case studies also indicate that the emissions tax in S. 2001 was generally not effective in encouraging use of technology or reducing costs to affected polluters. Under 8. 2001, decisions
CRS84521ENRpage32
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CRS84521ENRpage32
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. 2001. Senator Glenn's proposal is very effective in protecting high sulfur coal jobs and perhaps in encouraging new control technologies. However, to accomplish this, very large subsidies are provided which increases the cost-sharing burden to those in the 3l~States which are affected. H.R. 4404 has many of the characteristics of H.R. 3400 but requires additional cost-sharing to achieve the l2
CRS84521ENRpage41
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CRS84521ENRpage41
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to assist Ohio Edison or utilities without a Top-50 plant in meeting the reduction requirement. It is assumed that the PUC does not reallocate the costs, but does prevent CEI from selling its excess S02 reduction. This assumption probably means that the CEI estimates are a little high. The cost of H.R. 3400 to CEI would be the l-mill fee (1985-1996), 10 percent of the capital cost of installing FGD
CRS84521ENRpage13
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CRS84521ENRpage13
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CRS-12 COST-SHARING PROPOSALS Generation Taxes In response to the scrubbing-switching dilemma, proposals have been suggested to remove S02 with less economic disruption in the Midwest through a broad-based generation tax. The major proposal of this type is H.R. 3400, introduced by Representatives Sikorski and Waxman. The four-part program would reduce S02 emissions by 10 million tons and NOx
CRS84521ENRpage51
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CRS84521ENRpage51
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here. For Gulf Power, H.R. 3400 does an effective dTable 8: Cost to Florida Power and Gulf Power of Compliance with Bills (mills/kwh, 19833) Utility 6 6 Highest Year Costa 20-Year Levelized Cost Fuel Switch 2 Fuel Switch H... 3400 S. 2001 Scenario H.R. 3400 S. 2001 Scenario Gulf Power 2.7 2.9 2.7 1.6 L 2.1 1.8 Florida Power 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.6 1.6 _1__6_/ ibid.
CRS84521ENRpage49
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CRS84521ENRpage49
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_ _ __.._.._—....__..¢.‘_ ., ._,. CR8-47 In 1980, Gulf Power reports emitting about 105,866 tons of S02, about 15 percent of Florida's total utility S02 emissions. Most of this S02 was emitted from the Crist power station, Units 4,5,6, and 7 (988.8 MW, 76,679 tons of S02) and the Smith power station, Units 1 and 2 (335.5 MW, 20,764 tons of soz). _1_§_/ They are both coal-fired facilities
CRS85585Apage17
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CRS85585Apage17
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, at 36 (D. Mass. Dec. 7, 1978) (slip opinion, consent decree). 30/ Brewster v. Dakakis, 520 F. Supp. 882 887 (D. Mass.), vacated and remanded, 687 rl'2d 49s (1sE Cir. 1982). .3;/ 689 F. 2d 231 (1st Cir. 1982).
CRS85585Apage07
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CRS85585Apage07
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;substantial" and “compelling” state interest standardu adopted by the appellate court in favor of a more deferential approach. According to Justice Powell, due process requires a "balancing (of the) 10/ liberty interests against the relevant state interests.‘—- Acknowledging the need to minimize federal judicial interference with the internal _8_/ U080 at ,2] 457 U.S. at 319. 19/ 457 u.s. at 321.
CRS85585Apage21
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CRS85585Apage21
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the benefits. For example, 37/ in United States v. Winn;-_ the appeals court held that the trial court's wa111'§";' 734 F. 2d 1434 (11th cu. 1984). Islands, 679 F. 2d 1066 (3d Cir. 1982). 35/ Hickey v. Morris, 722 F. 2d 543 (9th Cir. 1983); Williams v. Cf., Government of Virgin_ ‘§§/ 484 F. Supp. 278 (D. Md. 1979). isee, also, Fasulo v._é£g£gh, 378 A. 2d 553 (Conn. 1977) (Periodic review
CRS85585Apage11
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CRS85585Apage11
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process, is subject to a "balancing" test, requiring the needs of the inmate to be weighed ‘1§/ Association for Retarded Citizens of North Dakota v. Olson, S61 F0 Suppo (DONODO I 11/ .I_<.1.- l§/ E.g., Davis v. Balson, 461 F. Supp. 842 (N.D. Ohio 1978); Evans v. Washington, 459 F. Supp. 483 (D.D.C. 1978); Eckerhart v. Hensley, 475 F. Supp. 908 (W.D. Mo. 1979). A _]_»_9_/ U.S. at A
CRS85585Apage03
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CRS85585Apage03
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on the rights of mental patients in five major areas: 1) right to protection from harm, 2) right to, be free of unreasonable restraints, 3) access to lawyers and courts, 4) right to periodic revie of their cases, and 4) right to obtain access to their medical records. The focus of the report will be on federal judicial ldecisions, and cases concerning constitutional standards and procedures-“ governing
CRS85585Apage25
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CRS85585Apage25
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and psychiatristl must have access to hospital records to determine comprehensively the , 43/ 1 position of their client." Charles Dale Legislative Attorney F0 Supp. at 33/ 462 F. Supp. 1131 (D.N.J. 1978). F0 Supp. at
CRS85585Apage22
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CRS85585Apage22
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..»)N
CRS85585Apage10
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CRS85585Apage10
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CRS85585Apage12
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CRS85585Apage12
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CRS861046SPRpage25
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CRS861046SPRpage25
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CRS-21 1977 the Section awarded more than 50 research contracts to laboratories all over the world to promote food irradiation. There were two main program components, which have continued to be the focus of international efforts on food irradiation. 1. Technological and economic feasibility of irradiation: To collaborate in the implementation of projects for extending shelf-life of food items
CRS861046SPRpage17
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CRS861046SPRpage17
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the 1970s the Army contracted with two private laboratories, Industrial Bio4Test Laboratories (IBT), and Research 900 (now Hazelton-Raltech) to conduct animal feeding studies using irradiated beef, ham,‘ pork, and chicken, at a cost of more than $10 million. 12/ The purpose of these studies wasto demonstrate that irradiated foods were safe (free from) toxic chemicals and carcinogens) and nutritious. ‘In
CRS861046SPRpage12
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CRS861046SPRpage12
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. ll] Taub, I. A., et al. Chemiclearance: Principle and Application to Irradiated Meats. In Proceedings of 26th European Meeting of Meat Research Workers. 1:233. 1980. 33/ Ibid. lg] Federal Register, v. 49, Feb. 14, 1984. p. 5715.

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