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CRS83633GOVpage01
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LC :4. 18/3 I Reponf No. 83-633 GOV % . ¥?f5fi:*f,fi§E§,é%E3E§ é3()L/ Congressnonal Research Service j The Library of Congress THE "GENDER GAP”: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND VOTING BEHAVIOR - Kirk Brown Analyst in American National Government Government Division % December 1, 1983 HQ 1428 u.s. 2 \.TR 83- 164+
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CRS83633GOVpage30
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CR3-24 ' Q emphasis on budget deficits and interests rates, while women focus on unemployment and inflation. Men also tend to be much more concerned with foreign competition and the United States‘ military strength than are women. Other polls, however, suggest when respondents are not provided with a list of problems, the percentage of persons choosing budget deficits falls, and some of the differences between the sexes disappear.
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CRS861020ENRSPRpage09
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technology, widespread adoption of artificial insemination, greater knowledge about livestock nutrition and health, and other advances all have helped to boost significantly the average cow's milk production. From 1955 to 1985, annual yield per cow grew from 5,842 pounds to just over 13,000 pounds of milk--an average increase of 2.7 percent each year, according to USDA. U.S. milk consumption has been
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CRS861020ENRSPRpage12
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-BST+stimulated output alone above 16,000 pounds in the year 2000. A continuation of the 2.7 percent annual improvement rate--the annual average of the past 30 years-~would bring average per-cow milk production to 19,396 pounds in the year 2000. These estimated averages could prove accurate, given that many individual dairy farms in 1985 already were coaxing 20,000 pounds of milk from their cows. cThus, to avert
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CRS861020ENRSPRpage04
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ABSTRACT Several U.S. companies plan to introduce a new product to the dairy industry called bovine growth hormone (bcfl), or bovine somatotropin (BST). when injected into dairy cows in test herds, this product has stimulated large increases in milk output without corresponding increases in production costs. However, BST, which must gain Food and Drug Administration approval before it can be offered commercially, has raised a number of controversial questions among lawmakers, who are concerned about its impact on an already burdensome U95. milk supply, on the structure and conduct of dairy farming, and on consumer safety, among other things,
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CRS861020ENRSPRpage25
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CRS*2i and growth rates, among other things. "The use of BST in the dairy cow is in reality nothing more than supplementing the cow's internal mechanism for converting her food into milk," Patrick stated in his testimony before the House subcommittee. However, the Cornell research studied the effects of BST for only a 27+ week period under controlled conditions. The hormone
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CRS861020ENRSPRpage33
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the environmental effects of commercial use of the drug. Nevertheless, debate has begun over the possible effects. The Foundation on Economic Trends, the Humane Society of the United States, the Wisconsin Family Farm DefenseFund and the Secretary of State of Wisconsin joined in petitioning FDA on April 1, 1986, to prepare an environmental impact statement concerning the commercial use of BST. Under FDA
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CRS85622EPWpage07
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as well as a rehabilitation activity. The rehabilitation services available through sheltered workshops could include vocational evaluation, job training, personal and work adjustment services and. .placeme;tiin the competitive job market. '1] “Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, as amended. Section l4(c). gj_ The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to sheltered workshops involved in interstate
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CRS83631Epage29
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Works Committee in April 1983, Commissioner Janet Norwood of the Bureau of Labor Statistics noted that even a college education does not ensure a higher ””iévei?j¢S§ agar stated that over the 1970s one out of every five college grad- uates who entered the labor force found a job that traditionally had been held by a high school graduate. Why has this taken place? Since Commissioner Norword predicts
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CRS83631Epage17
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in the labor market. This is borne out by the signi- ficant deterioration of their employment-population ratios over the past decade or so. For example, in 1970 more than three-fourths of all nonwhite men in the civilian population were employed. By 1980 this proportion had fallen to slightly more than two-thirds, and during the 1981-1982 recession, it fell to below two-thirds. Perhaps even more significant
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CRS83631Epage01
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