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CRS85577EPWpage30
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CRS85577EPWpage30
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CRS85577EPWpage32
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CRS85577EPWpage32
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CRS-24 + uuuaafiumm omm_ xmm_ aouucosvm ~n:ofiuaoo> wan .>uwv:ouom .»»au=mao_m aouuaosvm uo;m«=A Au mv«< aofiuausem uuumaou van nuunomum + z<m> 4<omHm mum. ¢mm_ _mm. mum. mmm_ «ma_ 82 yam.» _8§ 1 $2 22.,» _nom_.._ maniso mvoufiomvm 83:52 _5ou. we aaouuum u an aoiausvm gem 933:0 Hm wuzmrm m©m_ mmwm_. O_Q>L<JQJC+»
CRS85577EPWpage02
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CRS85577EPWpage04
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CRS87233Epage17
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CRS87233Epage17
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Illinois 2.50 1.25 1.80 -3.19 -4.59 Indiana 3.00 1.50 2.16 -2.94. -4.23 Iowa 13.00 I 6.50 9.36 2.06. 2.97 Kansas 9.00 4.50 6.48 0.06 0.09 Kentucky 6.00 73.00 4.32 -1.44 -2.07 Louisiana 6.00 3.007 4.321 -1.44 -2.07 Maine 10.00 5.00 7.20 0.56 0.81 Maryland 5.00 2.50 3.60- -1.94 -2.79 Massachusetts 10.38 5.19 7.47 0.75 1.08 Michigan 4.60 2.30 3.31 -2.14 -3.08 iMinnesota 14.00 7.00 .10.08 2.56 3
CRS87233Epage19
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CRS87233Epage19
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CRS-15 5, New York's rate differential would appear to increase only by 0.91 points (column 5 minus colum 4). In the short run, these increased effective rate differentials would tend to increase tax-motivated locational decisions. One would expect State and local governments to react by altering their tax structures to maintain the original tax rate differentialsg. TSSTATE AND LOCAL USE
CRS87233Epage21
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CRS-17 airports and multifamily housing will be subjected to additional targeting and regulation. The only activity added to the list of special exceptions is hazardous waste treatment facilities. Prior to the Tax Reform Act, exemption was allowed for the interest on small-issue IDBS (proceeds not exceeding $1 million, or $10 million if certain capital expenditures are taken into account). Small
CRS87233Epage25
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CRS87233Epage25
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CRS-21 Implications for Tax-exempt Bond Volume What does all this mean for State and local use of taxrexempt bonds‘? In one sense, the substantial reduction in the volume cap indicated by these data understates the potential reduction in privateractivity bond volume. The 1984 cap did not apply to many of the private-activity bonds which are included in the 1986 and 1988 volume caps. In 1984, only
CRS87233Epage06
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taxpayers who itemize on their Federal tax returns. The Tax Reform Act has the effect of reducing the percentage of taxpayers who itemize, which effectively raises their State and local tax cost in) one dollar- (The top-rate taxpayer referred to above, were he to become a nonitemizer, would have his tax cost raised from $.50 to $1.00 instead of from $.50 to $.72). As the percentage of itemizers declines
CRS87233Epage09
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CRS87233Epage09
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-1.02 (2) Income taxashare 11.72 0.0% 16.5% 22.82 19.9% 5.7% 25.92 16.32 0.02 22.72 19.3% 20.92 18.62 19.52 14.71 6.72 16.02 24.62 30.12 23.1% 29.62 8.41 17.82 13.92 15.82 0.02 2.22 14.82 27.52 24.02 5.32. 14.82 31.92 16.62 16.92 (3) General revenue change 0.122 0.002 0.002 2.052 4.382 0.632 2.592 1.632 0.002 2.272 2.902 1.462 0.742 3.512 2.061 1.382 1.922 1.972 20.302 1.392 4.442 0.342 3.202 2
CRS87233Epage08
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CRS87233Epage08
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percentage change in general revenue from the linkage of the two income tax systems (column 1 times column 2). Put in this context, the change in income tax revenue is not very substantial. The change exceeds 2 percent of general revenue in, only 15 States. Thus, even if a State decided to spend the additional income tax revenue, the size of the public sector would not grow very much. These data overstate
CRS87233Epage01
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CRS87233Epage01
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‘m‘e-mi? uaw+ AUG :25» me; w33h’”§t9"' Umverscty Lb - 5*: éémé» Mo esfizyranes Dennis Zimmerman Specialist in Public Finance - Economics Division March 20, 1987 591:?-‘ 1' 2,.~r.
CRS87233Epage11
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CRS87233Epage11
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Survey." Report S-15. 1986. Tables 10 and 23; Pressure for Changgf-CRS calculations.
CRS84686ENRpage59
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CRS84686ENRpage59
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CRS-47 Based on 1982 data, the average U.S. cost of electricity for aluminum production was estimated to be 2.4 cents or 24 mills per kilowatt hour, and in the last year this cost climbed even higher. Our Free World competitors, in contrast, pay an average of 1.7 cents or 17 mills per kilowatt hour. Some foreign smelters including Canadian smelters pay as little as 3 mills. Foreign smelters thus
CRS84686ENRpage30
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CRS84686ENRpage30
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CRSrl8 Dr. Perhac stated the following: ... our mechanistic models indicate that under present acidity conditions, we will not be able to measure any change in the lakes [in the Adirondacks] for at least the next decade or so. However, according to Administrator Ruckelshaus, two major questions remain in forecasting;future acidification trends: how many acidified lakes are at a stable equilibrium with current rates of acid deposition and what are the soil buffering capacities delaying potential response by currently non-acidified surface waters. The National Academy of Sciences had pre- liminarily concluded that acid deposition at the current rate could not be expected to result in additional damage where watersheds have achieved an equilibrium with acidification processes. Qamage or Other Impacts of Enhanced Acidity in Aquatic Environments Damage to aquatic environments is generally recognized to accompany acidification. Changes in fish populations are most widely recognized as evidence of larger aquatic ecosystem impacts. However, the extent of such damage is not clear and the relationship of observed damage to theoretical cause (i.e., source of acids) is debated. Several witnesses were unequivocal in their assessment that observed changes were caused by enhanced aquatic acidity. Administrator Ruckelshaus stated: The NAS Panel on Processes of Lake Acidification concluded that "streams and lakes acidified by acid deposition have a different biotic structure than non-acidified streams and lakes." Dr. Bernabo agreed stating the following: In terms of effects of deposition, there's no question that cer- gtain lakes have been affected, and fisheries loss has taken place.,
CRS84686ENRpage08
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A. CRS-vi LIST or WITNESSES, STATEMENTS, AND SUBMITTED MATERIALS (Roughly categorized for convenience-not in order of appearance) Witnesses testifying in person marked with an asterisk (*) Members of the Senate *1. James A. McClure of Idaho *2. Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia *3. Wendell Ford of Kentucky *4. George J. Mitchell of Maine 5. Dan Quayle of Indiana *6. John Warner of Virginia
CRS84686ENRpage61
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is as yet insufficient to justify enactment of legislation to control it; and second, that funding should be increased for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program authorized by the Acid Precipitation Act of 1980. The Administration has asked for $55 million for fiscal year 1985. In addition, the Administration witnesses stressed that enacting a premature control program--before further research
CRS84686ENRpage75
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surrounding the acid precipitation problem and the overall uncertainty as to what course of action will produce beneficial results, prudence might dictate delay. ... We recommend that if any legislation is enacted, it should adhere to the following principles: 1. Move ahead with research to provide the adequate sci- entific basis upon which to reassess and make long term policy decisions. 2. In the meantime
CRS84686ENRpage49
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CRS84686ENRpage49
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a significant reduc- tion in S02 emissions, (2) energy policy considerations of such a program, a (3) economic growths issues raised, and (4) employment issues raised. Compliance Costs Cost estimates presented by witnesses for a 10 million ton reduction in $02 emissions ranged from $3.5 billion (EPA) to $10.0 billion (Hdson Institute) annually. This range was produced by differences regarding what constituted
CRS84686ENRpage42
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CRS-30 Other Effects Two other areas that received brief attention during the hearings were the effects of acid rain on human health and materials. Generally research in these areas has focused on air pollution effects in general, not acid rain specifically. Hence, the relative importance of acid rain to this general air pollution problem is uncertain and disputed. For example, the report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station submitted for the record concluded the following about acid rain and human health: There is little evidence of any direct effect of acid rain-- i.e., increased acidity of rainfall-on human health. The notion that acid rain will burn skin or dissolve one's clothing has no basis in fact. However, there is no question that some forms of air pollution are harmful to health. Specifically, fine particulate aerosols can lodge in the lung and cause respiratory problems. A portion of these aerosols are acidic due to the presence of sulfur oxides. The association between these air pollutants and human health is statistical, rather°than clinical, with one published study indicating an increase in mortality in New England due to air pollution. The precise role of sulfate aerosols in this complex air pollution problem is not known. The need for further research into the human health aspects of acid rain was also mentioned by Klein and Vogelmann in a presentation submitted for the record: Questions relating to the effects of acidic depositions on public health are currently unanswered, due to inadequate field, epidemiological and laboratory simulation studies. Two aspects of health must be i considered. Particulates, particularly covalently bonded sulfate, forms obvious hazes and can be respired., Those at the micron and sub=- T micron range can enter bronchi and alveoli and serve as irritants. People with respiratory disorders have reported asthma episodes, but epidemiological relationships have rarely been evaluated nor is there firm evidence for or against conversion of these particulates into free acids in the lungs.

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