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CRS85746EPWpage18
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CRS85746EPWpage18
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info:fedora/mu:64563
CRS87233Epage23
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CRS87233Epage23
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,703,600 1,977,375 1,313,250 -46.72 -33.32 456,750 250,000 161,550 -45.32 -35.42 472,950 250,000 153,700 -47.12 -36.52 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 1,562,400 352,450 563,300 -45.42 -33.32 345,350 443,200 293,300 -47.02 -33.32 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02, 1,717,200 365,125 576,750 -49.62 -33.32 320,200 412,425 274
CRS87233Epage16
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CRS87233Epage16
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and Local Tax Deductibility and Metropolitan Migration. National Tax Journal. June 1986. pp. 189-200; and William F. Fox. Tax Structure and the Location of Economic Activity Along State Borders. National Tax Journal. December 1986. pp. 387-402.
CRS87233Epage07
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~cas-3 Finally, the Tax Reform Act eliminated the deductibility of sales taxes and raised the sales tax cost to $1.00 for all State and local taxpayers, whether or not they are itemizers. This change also has the effect of causing State and local taxpayers to decrease the level of public spending in those States that levy sales taxes. Rough estimates of the effect of these three tax reform
CRS87233Epage05
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CRS87233Epage05
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TAX REFORM: ITS POTENTIAL EFFECT ON THE STATE AND LOCAL SECTOR < The Tax Reform Act of 1986 had two major themes. . The first theme was to swap rate reduction for broadened (more comprehensive) individual and corporate tax bases. , The second major theme was simplification, which evolved into the removal of low-income taxpayers from the individual income tax system and a substantial reduction
CRS87171Epage04
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CRS87171Epage04
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to secure reasonable credit terms elsewhere. TABLE 1. Activity Under the Section 502 Program, FY1977 - 1987 (Dollar Amount in Millions) Fiscal Year Loan Obligations iUnits 1977 5 2,569 107,515 1978 2,691 100,476 1979 2,879 93,774 2 1980" 2,845 82,247 1981 2,591 69,706 1982 , 2,478 61,957 1983‘ 2,138 51,920 1984 1,844 43,479 1985 1,790 40,801 1986 1,155 25,474 11987 (estimate) 1,340 28,700 Source
CRS87233Epage18
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CRS87233Epage18
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-0.94 -1.35 South Dakota na na na na na .Tennessee 6.00 3.00 4.3 -1.44 -2.07 Texas na na na na na Utah 7.75 3.88 5.58 ~0.57 -0.81 Vermont 26.50 13.25 19.08 8.81 12.69 Virginia 5.75 2.88 4.14 -1.57 -2.25 Washington na na na na na West Virginia 13.00 6.50 9.36 2.06 2.97 Wisconsin 7.90 3.95 5.69 -0.49 -0.70 Wyoming na na wna na na U.S. avg.--U.S. average rate. 3 Uses the rate which is expected
CRS87233Epage02
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CRS87233Epage02
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CRS87171Epage02
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CRS87171Epage02
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CRS84686ENRpage25
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CRS84686ENRpage25
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CRS-13 Mr. Haase of the Western Regional Council, emphasized potential vulnerability of high elevation mountain areas in the West while Dr. Bergman stated that generally sensitive regions also included the Smokey and Rocky Mountains, and the northwest and northcentral U.S.s The Adirondacks were considered the most sensitive region in the U.S., according to Dr. Perhac. Although, as noted
CRS84686ENRpage50
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CRS84686ENRpage50
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CCRS-38 FIGURE 2 . ESTIMATES or-' 1995 ANNUAL costs or so; ROLLBACK 10r- ANNUAL cos? IN 1995 no’ 1932 DOLLARS) " A 9 _ A 1 I 1 ° \ 2 4 p 6 8 1o 12 14 16 SULFUR DIOXIDE REDUCTION FROM 1995 PROJECTION Source: Department of Energy ...the difficulty is that the states that are the hardest hit economically now will be asked to sustain the burden [of reductions], even though their electricity
CRS84686ENRpage67
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CRS84686ENRpage67
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endangered fish life. ... I cosponsored S. 1925, which would accelerate the development and commercialization of these coal technologies. Whatever action Congress takes to correct this problem must be based on hard, irrefutable evidence - evidence which is not present today. More- over, Congressional action must not impair our national security, which in- cludes our energy and economic security, nor should
CRS84686ENRpage05
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CRS84686ENRpage05
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CRS*iii They generally indicated that the knowledge base is rapidly expanding; but their interpretations of the adequacy of the knowledge base ranged from Dr. Jerald Schnoor, Director of Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, who concluded, "there are many good reasons to reduce S0x emissions, to others who concluded that further research is necessary and that delays will not risk
CRS84686ENRpage68
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CRS84686ENRpage68
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:-y—_......._v.-.==—4;e-....—.x=-—.-———a_:=— . ——-——~———4~ A — A cas-56 HARRY G. ENOCH DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY KENTUCKY ENERGY CABINET We would like to propose the following as an alternative to acid rain control legislation: I First, we ask acceptance of the fact that the acid rain solutions must, of necessity, be long-range, or long-term solutions. The public should not be led to expect a painless, quick-fix to this problem. There simply isn't any. n I Saddling one region of the country with major utility emission re- .ductions is°not the answer: The solution, ultimately, will require major and expensive reductions of sulfur and nitrogen emissions in all regions of he country. Secondly, encourage vigorous enforcement of the current Clean Air Act. And, lastly, create a climate that encourages the development and commercial application of new technology. And two of the incentives to this end would be the Coal Technology Bill that is before the committee at this time. Another vehicle would be the Synthetic Fuels Corporation. JOHN T. JARVIS UNITED MINE WORKERS OF AMERICA The UMWA believes that the magnitude of job losses described herein is unacceptable, particularly in light of the current lack of scientific consensus on the issue. That is why the UMWA strongly supports legislation, which has been introduced in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate, to accelerate the ongoing study of the causes and effects of acid rain. We must have more data before control legislation is enacted.
CRS84686ENRpage65
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CRS84686ENRpage65
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CRS-53 A. ALAN HILL CHAIRMAN COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY The Administration's Acid Precipitation Program First, to double the appropriation for the research effort. If the budget request is approved, we will have reached a total investment of more than 125 million dollars since 1982. . Next, a request for a program to help restore the buffering capacity in affected lakes. This program
CRS84686ENRpage34
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CRS84686ENRpage34
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cns-22 But Dr. Dale Johnson from Oak Ridge Laborato§ies states that [i]n terms of soil acidification and plant nutrition, sulfur and nitrogen are in many ways more important than acidity itself... There are many unanswered questions involving the effects of acidic deposition on soils. These include the leaching of essential nutrients in the soil, decreased microbial activity, the take up of toxic elements .o like aluminum through the roots of plants, and the rate of weathering of bedrock materials. A i Dr. bale Johnson attempted to simplify the leaching process and explain the importance of nitrogen and sulfur% Many of us find it useful to concepfiualize the process of soil leaching (transport of elements via solution) as a function of the inputs, production, and mobility of anion_(negatively charged ions such as sulfate, nitrate, and naturally produced bicarbonate). If the anion associated with acid deposition (sulfate or nitrate) is not adsorbed by soils or taken up by forest biota, then acid deposition will cause an immediate increase in the leaching of base cations (such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium) from soils. In extremely, acid soils, readily available base cation reserves are low (by definition) and aluminum may affect plant roots and/or be transported to lakes and stregms where it may produce undesirable effects. 5; i The leaching effects referred to abdve occur immediatly when. inputs of sulfate or nitrate add significantly to the natrual levels of anion (mostly bicarbonate and organic anions) in soil solution. These effects will also disappear rapidly if added sulfate and nitrate are removed. The rate at which soil weathering occurs is crucial to understanding ‘how soils react to acidic deposition. According to Dr. Johnson, the soil weathering rate is the rate at which the soil can regenerate neutralizing base cations. Weathering and its relationship to the leaching process and the possible subsequent soil acidification is also explained by Dr. Johnson: r \
CRS84686ENRpage22
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CRS84686ENRpage22
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CRS-10 Dr. Bernabo summarized the uncertainty regarding the relative importance of local versus distant pollution sources as follows: Most of the acid deposition policy debate has focused on long- distance transport, even though local sources are believe to be significant in many cases. The relative role of local versus distant sources varies greatly among different receptor sites and remains
CRS84686ENRpage78
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CRS84686ENRpage78
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AND CONGRESSMEN DATED: November 17, 1983 A fundamental principle for dealing with environmental problems is that those who cause a problem should be required to pay for its cleanup.
CRS84686ENRpage19
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CRS84686ENRpage19
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CRS-7 continent is likely to lead to an approximately proportionate reduction in the spatially-integrated, annual average deposition in this area. By "proportionate" we mean that a 20% reduction in emissions would lead to a 20% reduction in deposition, a 40% reduction in emissions to a 40% reduction in deposition, and so forth. ’ This conclusion wasreinforced by the testimony of Dr
CRS84686ENRpage46
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CRS84686ENRpage46
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