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CRS85985EPWpage22
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CRS-19 Corporation study of Alum Rock and other alternative public school programs, "[D]istricts can help the less advantaged families understand the system more quickly by keeping it stable, tailoring their strategies for disseminating infor- mation to fit the habits and preferences of different subpopulations, and lower- ing the costs of information gathering for parents.“ lg], In contrast
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CRS85985EPWpage12
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and typical public school systems, and as such will be further discussed in the final section of this paper. EEE SPECIFIC CONCEPT OF CHAPTER 1 VOUCHERS Chapter 1 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 is a modification of the Federal program of aid for the education of the disadvantaged children first enacted as title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Under chapter
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CRS85746EPWpage38
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~ «. . . . . ¢ . , \ , . .. _ T u.. _. . ». ., . . O _.. .. . N. . . . n .. ~ V. . 1 V... . . . K . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 3‘ “ H ‘ 1 ll Ir ‘ H”! Jn>I\,w;[‘ur$ ‘n‘Jn{x3\xx ‘ “I ‘ “‘ ‘ ix!“ ‘ ‘:1. . FF} ‘ ‘ “ ,. ‘ . . . . . ‘
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CRS85746EPWpage35
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, Daily Edition. p. H11807); the modified amendment was agreed to by the Senate on that same date (Congressional Record, Daily Edition. pp. 514157-14158). 12/ Federal Register, May 22, 1985, pp. 21190-21198. ggf Federal Register, November 23, 1984, pp. 46169-46174. .21] Education-Watchers Speak Out Against Rules on ‘Secular Humanism‘. Education Daily. January 16, 1985; Department Proposes Rule to Curb
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CRS85746EPWpage33
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, and the responses to this article, Phi Delta Kappan, October 1982. For a review of some of the court cases involving "secular humanism" in the schools, see Religious Activities in the Public Schools and the First Amendment: Judicial Decisions and the Congressional Response by David M. Ackerman, Congressional Research Service Report No. 85-17A, Updated December 14, 1984.) II II II OI $2] Congressional
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CRS87233Epage23
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,703,600 1,977,375 1,313,250 -46.72 -33.32 456,750 250,000 161,550 -45.32 -35.42 472,950 250,000 153,700 -47.12 -36.52 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 1,562,400 352,450 563,300 -45.42 -33.32 345,350 443,200 293,300 -47.02 -33.32 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02, 1,717,200 365,125 576,750 -49.62 -33.32 320,200 412,425 274
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CRS87233Epage16
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and Local Tax Deductibility and Metropolitan Migration. National Tax Journal. June 1986. pp. 189-200; and William F. Fox. Tax Structure and the Location of Economic Activity Along State Borders. National Tax Journal. December 1986. pp. 387-402.
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CRS87233Epage07
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~cas-3 Finally, the Tax Reform Act eliminated the deductibility of sales taxes and raised the sales tax cost to $1.00 for all State and local taxpayers, whether or not they are itemizers. This change also has the effect of causing State and local taxpayers to decrease the level of public spending in those States that levy sales taxes. Rough estimates of the effect of these three tax reform
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CRS87233Epage05
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TAX REFORM: ITS POTENTIAL EFFECT ON THE STATE AND LOCAL SECTOR < The Tax Reform Act of 1986 had two major themes. . The first theme was to swap rate reduction for broadened (more comprehensive) individual and corporate tax bases. , The second major theme was simplification, which evolved into the removal of low-income taxpayers from the individual income tax system and a substantial reduction
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CRS87171Epage04
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to secure reasonable credit terms elsewhere. TABLE 1. Activity Under the Section 502 Program, FY1977 - 1987 (Dollar Amount in Millions) Fiscal Year Loan Obligations iUnits 1977 5 2,569 107,515 1978 2,691 100,476 1979 2,879 93,774 2 1980" 2,845 82,247 1981 2,591 69,706 1982 , 2,478 61,957 1983‘ 2,138 51,920 1984 1,844 43,479 1985 1,790 40,801 1986 1,155 25,474 11987 (estimate) 1,340 28,700 Source
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CRS87233Epage18
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-0.94 -1.35 South Dakota na na na na na .Tennessee 6.00 3.00 4.3 -1.44 -2.07 Texas na na na na na Utah 7.75 3.88 5.58 ~0.57 -0.81 Vermont 26.50 13.25 19.08 8.81 12.69 Virginia 5.75 2.88 4.14 -1.57 -2.25 Washington na na na na na West Virginia 13.00 6.50 9.36 2.06 2.97 Wisconsin 7.90 3.95 5.69 -0.49 -0.70 Wyoming na na wna na na U.S. avg.--U.S. average rate. 3 Uses the rate which is expected
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