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CRS84521ENRpage26
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which would not have to clean up under an acid rain mitigation program. None of the bills examined here uses this concept to its fullest in assisting polluters in meeting emission reductions. Only S. 2001 provides some kind of subsidy to anyone required to reduce, and that subsidy is limited to the alternative of least cost to the trust fund. Hence, as noted earlier, the effective cost
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CRS85585Apage19
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permissible, it could not constitutionally continues 2‘ after that basis no longer existed”). Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354 (1983) (criminal acquitee cannot be confined involuntarily when he or she is no longer mentally ill or dangerous. t i I a 33/ 442 11.5. 584 (1979).
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CRS85585Apage23
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sought to challenge his commitment and thus, violated __3_§_/ 4901-‘. 2d 866 (5th on-. 1974). 33/ 514 F. 2d 125 (24 cu. 1975). 39/ 572 F. supp. 193 (n. Colo. 1983).
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CRS851132EPWpage05
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\.~ / CONTENTS ABSTRACTCOOQOOOOIOOOOOOO-000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOQOOOOOOOOOO INTRODUCTIONOOOOOOO00000.00GOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000000000COCOOOOCOOOOOQOOOOOOO 1 ANSWERSCCOOOOIOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO 3 What Causes the Federal Government's Outstanding Debt To Change?...... 3r What Causes the Amount of Securities Held by the Social Security and Medicare Trust
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CRS851132EPWpage35
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CRS-15 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Budget. Social Security, Medicare, and the Unified Budget. Senate Print No. 99-83, 99th Cong., lst Sess. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Social Security: The Effect of National Debt Bimitations in 1985. Report No. 85- lll8 EPW, by David Koitz. Washington, 1985
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CRS861046SPRpage40
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CRS-36 and Agriculture, and to amend FDCA to prescribe labels for irradiated foods. Under this bill, the Secretaries would not have been allowed to implement the final regulations on the irradiation of pork, fruits and vegetables, or issue any other regulations which would have had the same legal effect as these regu- lations. The bill called for the Secretary of DHHS to arrange for a two year study of the human and environmental risk presented by food irradiation to be conducted by the National Academy of Sciences. The study was to include a) safety and wholesomeness of consumption of irradiated foods; b) nutritional value; c) contamination from improper irradiation; d) emergency procedures and safety requirements including employee training; e) health risks to residents living near food irradiation facilities and procedures in case an emergency occurred at the facility; and f) environmental and human impaet of transporting the cobalt-60. The bill was referred to the.Committee on Energy and Commerce. iNo action was taken on H.R. 4762.
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CRS861046SPRpage45
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CRS-41 throughout the country. Treatments have been developed, thoroughly tested and evaluated by APHIS, before being approved by the agency. The present USDA~APHIS quarantine treatment of fruits and vegetables re- quires a probit 9 security.* Low dose irradiation (less than_1OO krad) studies of disinfestation do not produce mortality rates at the level required by the probit 9 security. éfif
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CRS861046SPRpage52
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. Trichina Control Requirements. Federal Register, v. 48, Mar. 10, 1983. p. 10065. . Z§/ Thayer, D. W. et. al. Use of Irradiation to Ensure the Microbiological Safety of Processed Meats. Food Technology, Apr. 1986. p. 159-162.
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CRS861046SPRpage27
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/World Health Organi- zation: Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods and Recommended International Code of Practice for the Operation of Radiation Facilities Used for the Treatment of Foods. CAC/RS 106-1983, Rome 1984. p. 1-3. N. If!‘ M
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CRS861046SPRpage13
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efficiency is the percent of energy emitted by the source that is absorbed by the product, since some of the energy emitted is absorbed by the source itself, the conveyers, the walls and passes in between containers of the product. Increasing the treatment rate or dose raises the source needs. Cobalt-60 decays with a half life of 5.3 years, losing about 12.5 percent of the source each year. As a result
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CRS861046SPRpage42
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CRS-38 VI. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND USES FDA publication of final rules for certain uses of the food irradiation process means that several potential applications of irradiation could become economically viable. These applications include: 0 Disinfestation of fresh fruits for quarantine purposes; Disinfestation of vegetables, dried fruits, (beans) and cereals; Elimination of Trichinella
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CRS861046SPRpage01
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L” (:9 j (J, [gt/:3: R P .—7i7L3\’é""‘ /0L/Q5?‘ 86-1046 SPR Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540 Government Publications Unfi AUG 1 6 1994 Washington Umversity Librarms. St. Louis, MO 63130 PRESERVATION OF FOOD BY IRRADIATION Donna V. Porter Specialist in Life Sciences Science Policy Research Division Updated December 1, 1986 In ‘in
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