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CRS84846Apage06
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CRS84846Apage06
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info:fedora/mu:77360
CRS84846Apage10
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CRS84846Apage10
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info:fedora/mu:77360
CRS84521ENRpage07
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CRS84521ENRpage07
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CRS-6 This confusion over cost extends into the discussion of unemployment in the high-sulfur coal industry. Both econometric and coal industry studies assume that fuel-switching would be the major alternative used in reducing S02 emissions--a scenario rejected in the utilities’ studies despite historic behavior. Indeed, if the utilities did use FGD, then coal employment impact would probably
CRS84521ENRpage48
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CRS84521ENRpage48
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.423 14.3$7.000 .iA£eItooLMrpu'o'ucnnthonu- --------._-..- 960.063.748 Raurnnds ma nu-rays - -....-----.........--.,- mtemooannenulnua --..--..-..------.,-- 335.000 700! Sale! in Ultimate Conulllltrl - .. - - .. .. - 15.428.560.535 5.138.-6913.000 Sdpforfiaglc .---_,-,_.__,.,---,-,_,._,_,_,,.,_ 3.378.114.6354 789356.000 ‘l'O!‘A-L Kll'.0WA1'Y-HOUR sauzs -..;..... 2:107
CRS84521ENRpage21
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CRS84521ENRpage21
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CRS*20' which will determine the success of any of these financing schemes. Polluter Pays. One of the basic tenets of environmental protection is the concept that polluters of the environment should pay for the cost of cleaning up their own pollution. However, the government has generally provided some assistance to polluters in achieving mandated standards. Generally, this assistance has
CRS84521ENRpage53
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CRS84521ENRpage53
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info:fedora/mu:84136
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CRS-51 Table 9: Estimated Monthly Cost to Residential Consumers ‘ (l983$) Utility Highest Year Cost 20-Year Levelized Cost Fuel Switch Fuel Switch H.R. 3400 S. 2001 Scenario H.R. 3400 S. 2001 Scenario ——-—5oo KWH/MON H—--- Gulf 2 Power 1.50 1.60 1.50 0.90 1.20 1.00 Florida 0 it = Power 0.90 1.10 1 1.20 0.60 g 0.90 0.90 ---1000 KWH/MONTH--- Gulf A .3000 ._ "3000 A Florida 5 ’ POWer 2020 2030
CRS84521ENRpage23
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CRS84521ENRpage23
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from clean States may be assisting more in the clean-up of other States‘ utilities (and possibly industries) than under H.R. 3400, in, exchange for the 12 million ton reduction envisioned in the bill. Regional Equity. A second perspective on the equity issue is a regional or national one. Traditionally, air pollution control was primarily concerned with local ambient concentrations. Hence, localities
CRS84521ENRpage27
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CRS84521ENRpage27
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provide significant job savings, but how much is unclear.. The weakest high-sulfur coal protection is in S. 2001. As discussed earlier, the priority system of S. 2001 almost guarantees that fuel switching would be the strategy of first.choice., Hence, high-sulfur coal protection is basically a matter of administrative discretion. If enforcement of section 125 of the Clean Air Act (which attempts
CRS84521ENRpage11
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CRS84521ENRpage11
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FIGURE 3: ‘:01 vi" :0" 17"‘ do //d r S B U 1 E 1 -1. § ' I 77i4:.’l$dnds'. of 3 3 [W 19-- Q.- 49-- u": IO‘? Source: CRS- 10 Rate Impact of $500,000 Investment Using Different Accounting Methods (discounted) - e __5' lb ;} /2' I3. /,3 /3' ,; ;g_ Vms Derived from Morrison, Sylvia. Construction Work in Progress in Electric Base Rate. Report
CRS84521ENRpage10
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CRS84521ENRpage10
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A a significant advantage in terms of rate impact despite its early collection. A major reason for this is the trust fund's ability to collect interest on its revenues while awaiting the paying off of the program's expenditures. i A second advantage of the trust fund, not illustrated here, is that prepayment "unstacks" capital costs from~operations and maintenance (0 & M) costs
CRS84521ENRpage24
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CRS84521ENRpage24
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info:fedora/mu:84136
CRS87325Apage15
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CRS87325Apage15
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info:fedora/mu:75489
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, of countering programming which allegedly encourages sexual activity. Similarly, 32 Notice of Inquiry, Gen. Docket No. 34-232, 49 Fed. Reg. 20317 (May 14, 1934). 33 scales-459. 34 Telecommunications Research and Action Center [TRAC] and Media Access Project [MAP] v. FCC, 801 F.2d 501 (D.C. Cir. 1986). 35 Meredith Corp. v. FCC, 309 3.23 350 (u.c. Cir. 1937). 35 Kriz, "Debate Revived over Fairness Doctrine
CRS87325Apage06
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CRS87325Apage06
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mentioned in the Constitution, the Court based its ruling on the 9th amendment, which provides 3 Morse, "Contraceptive Ads and the TV,” The Washington Post, Jan. 11, 1985, p. B5. M 4 "Congress Considers Condom Commercials," supra n. 1. 5 18 U.S.C. S 146l. The language "obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy or vile article, matter, thing, device, or substance" in that section
CRS87325Apage03
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CRS87325Apage03
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that courts would uphold a total ban on contraceptive advertisements, because the Supreme Court has held that the constitutional right of personal privacy encompasses the right of access to contraceptives, by married and unmarried adults and minors alike. In fact that Court in 1983 declared unconstitutional a federal law which prohibited the unsolicited mailing of contraceptive ads. Language in these cases
CRS87325Apage12
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CRS87325Apage12
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by the Central Hudson test); and this 23 _1_;_.ac2979. 24 ‘S_E_1_)£_a_.n. 10-) 25 §ug£3 n. 15. 25 §2£E2'n. 9. 27 Supra n. 18.
CRS87325Apage07
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CRS87325Apage07
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the fourteenth amendment's equal protection clause. Finally, in a 1977 decision, Carey v. Population Services Internationa1,10 the Court held that minors have a constitutionally protected right of privacy which encompasses the right to receive contraceptives. This case held that regulations which impose a burden on a decision as fundamental as whether to bear or beget a child can be justified only
CRS87325Apage08
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CRS87325Apage08
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Contraceptives," CR8 Report, Sept. 24, 1986. i 12 Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Comm., 447 U.S. 557, 561 (1980). ‘ T 13 315 u.s. 52 (1942). 14 341 U.S. 622 (1951).
CRS87325Apage10
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CRS87325Apage10
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of commercial speech is constitutionally permissible: (1) Is the speech protected by the first amendment? (2) Is the claimed governmental interest substantial? and, if both of these questions are answered in the affirmative, (3) does the statute advance that government interest? (4) Finally, is the statute more restrictive than is necessary to serve that interest? Applying this test to the challenged statute
CRS87325Apage18
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CRS87325Apage18
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‘~=ii_' : 73.? ‘K?- ,.g .. ..,.. ‘ . ’é OF‘ WASSHINGTQN l uN:~%.m»a$:;?A :- £.‘C3Ui&'5- '6
CRS87325Apage04
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CRS87325Apage04
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