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CRS861046SPRpage52
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. Trichina Control Requirements. Federal Register, v. 48, Mar. 10, 1983. p. 10065. . Z§/ Thayer, D. W. et. al. Use of Irradiation to Ensure the Microbiological Safety of Processed Meats. Food Technology, Apr. 1986. p. 159-162.
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CRS861046SPRpage27
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/World Health Organi- zation: Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods and Recommended International Code of Practice for the Operation of Radiation Facilities Used for the Treatment of Foods. CAC/RS 106-1983, Rome 1984. p. 1-3. N. If!‘ M
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CRS861046SPRpage13
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efficiency is the percent of energy emitted by the source that is absorbed by the product, since some of the energy emitted is absorbed by the source itself, the conveyers, the walls and passes in between containers of the product. Increasing the treatment rate or dose raises the source needs. Cobalt-60 decays with a half life of 5.3 years, losing about 12.5 percent of the source each year. As a result
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CRS861046SPRpage42
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CRS-38 VI. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND USES FDA publication of final rules for certain uses of the food irradiation process means that several potential applications of irradiation could become economically viable. These applications include: 0 Disinfestation of fresh fruits for quarantine purposes; Disinfestation of vegetables, dried fruits, (beans) and cereals; Elimination of Trichinella
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CRS861046SPRpage01
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L” (:9 j (J, [gt/:3: R P .—7i7L3\’é""‘ /0L/Q5?‘ 86-1046 SPR Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540 Government Publications Unfi AUG 1 6 1994 Washington Umversity Librarms. St. Louis, MO 63130 PRESERVATION OF FOOD BY IRRADIATION Donna V. Porter Specialist in Life Sciences Science Policy Research Division Updated December 1, 1986 In ‘in
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CRS861046SPRpage07
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.i For example, interruption of normal enzymatic maturation could improve the quality of a food product. Radiation is applied to food in a set amount or dose to achieve a particular effect. The dose would be expressed in the following units: 1. red, equal to the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of absorber, or 0 2. gray (Gy), equal to the absorption of 1 Joule per kilogram. One Gy equals 100 rads
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CRS861046SPRpage29
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1964 to 1968 under an agreement between the OECD I A 8 European Nuclear Energy Agency, IAEA and the Austrian Nuclear Research Center. The Asian Regional Cooperative Project on Food Irradiation was established byi an agreement of ll governments of Asia and the Pacific in August 1980. E2] ‘The Asian Project conducts research and development to achieve commercialization, of irradiated foodstuffs
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CRS861046SPRpage28
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and the Codex Commission concurred that as long as the overall dose did not exceed 1000 krads, re-irradiation would not be harmful, assuming nutritional and physical properties were not impaired. The 1983 standard was submitted to the °l22 member countries for their acceptance. pHowever, historically adoption of Codex standards is slow. Widespread acceptance of the Codex standard would likely facilitate
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CRS861046SPRpage06
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energies below l.33MeV. _l] Morrison, R. M. and T. Roberts. Food Irradiation: New Perspectives on a Controversial Technology. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, Dec. 1985. p. I-2.
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CRS861046SPRpage58
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;radioactive" by the public. It has been suggested that II I! such alternative names for irradiation, such as "cosmic processing, picowave processing," or "processed with ionizing energy,‘ might overcome consumer §§/ Korwek, Edward L. Legal Considerations Concerning Food Irradiation, Food Technology 37(2), 1983. p. 38. gfij Federal Register, v. 51, no. 75, Apr. 19, 1986. p. 13375. §§/ Korwek; 1983. p. 38. H
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CRS861046SPRpage48
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TABLE IV -- Relative Tolerance CRS-44 of Fresh Fruits and Fruit-Vegetables To Irradiation Stress at Doses Below 1 kGy (100 krad)* ll] Group A Group B Group C Group D Apple Apricot Avocado Kiwifruit Cherry Banana Cucumber Persimmon Date Cherimoya Grape Pomegranate Guava Fig Green bean Mango Grapefruit Lemon Muskmelons Kumquat Lime Cantaloupe Litchi. Olive Honeydew Loquat Pepper, bell Nectarine
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CRS861046SPRpage02
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ABSTRACT pThe phrase "irradiation of food" refers to the treatment of food with one of several types of radiation processes. This report focuses on only one type of food irradiation--the process of using ionizing radiation to preserve food. .The paper includes a discussion of the technical aspects of irradiation, the potential uses of irradiation for food preservation, and the issues of food safety, wholesomeness and labeling of irradiated foods.
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CRS84777Epage21
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highest in percent size are: Wyoming (35), Alaska (26), Vermont (23), Montana (22), Delaware (20), New York (19), South Dakota (19), Maine (19), Oregon (19), and Michigan (18). The ten lowest States are: Kansas (11), California (11), Arizona (10), Texas (10), Connec- ticut (10), Washington (10), Maryland (10), Missouri (9), Florida (9), and Virginia (7). 5. About 90 percent of the U.S. total in "
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CRS84777Epage26
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CRS-23 (0.24), Montana (0.23), Iowa (0.22), Wisconsin (0.20), Vermont (0.19), Illin- ois (0.18), Nebraska (0.17), North Dakota (0.17), Michigan (0.16), Arkansas (0.16), Kentucky (0.15), Pennsylvania (0.14), New Mexico (0.14), Maine (0.10), Ohio (0.10), Minnesota (0.10), New York (0.09), Nevada (0.08), Louisiana (0.07), Alabama (0.06), Rhode Island (0.05), Indiana (0.05), New Jersey (0.05), Okla
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CRS84777Epage10
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.40 24,989 3.72 Washington 11,815 2.02 15,286 2.27 West Virginia 3,819 0.65 4,724 0.70 Wisconsin 11,168 1.91 10,546 1.57 Wyoming 1,515 0.26 1,222 0.18 Totals $584,977 100.00 $672,647 100.00 ta] Sum of total tax revenues (for Federal fund and trust fund accounts) reported as actual receipts in the Budget of the U.S. Government. Fiscal Year 1985. p. 9-19. State estimates were derived by applying
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CRS84777Epage32
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. Missouri (1,350) 26. Maine (596) 43. Wyoming (298) 10. Massachusetts (1,186) 27. North Dakota (568) 44. Montana (297) 11. Mississippi (1,021) 28. New York (564) 45. Michigan (271) 12. New Hampshire (994) 29. Oklahoma (552) 46. Idaho (261) 13. Kansas (963) 30. New Jersey (528) 47. Illinois (259) 14. Georgia (866) 31. North Carolina (526) 48. Wisconsin (212) 15. Arizona (818) 32. Indiana (504) 49. Iowa
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CRS84777Epage08
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8,823 1.31 Louisiana 10,425 1.78 10,321 1.53 Maine 2,183 0.37 3,070 0.46 Maryland 12,184 2.08 18,125 2.69 Massachusetts 16,050 2.74 20,093 2.99 Michigan 22,014 3.76 19,978 2.97 Minnesota 10,237 1.75 10,101 1.50 Mississippi 4,203 0.72 7,704 1.14 Missouri 11,388 1.95 18,939 2.82 Montana 1,736 0.30 2,204 0.33 Nebraska 3,609 0.62 4,329 0.64 Nevada 2,493 0.42 2,598 0.39 New Hampshire 2,398 0.41 2,670 0.40
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CRS84777Epage27
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. Wisconsin (1.02) New York (1.01) Georgia (1.00) Nevada (1.00) Massachusetts (0.98) Ohio (0.97) Minnesota (0.96) Michigan (0.95) North Carolina (0.95) Virginia (0.93) Illinois (0.93) Louisiana (0.93) Washington (0.92) Kansas (0.90) Colorado (0.89) Indiana (0.88) Oklahoma (0.86) California (0.86) Hawaii (0.86) New Hampshire (0.85) Wyoming (0.85) Delaware (0.83) Alaska. (0.78) New Jersey (0.73) Texas (0.68
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