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CRS861046SPRpage23
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CRS861046SPRpage23
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CRS-19 that have been irradiated as well as working on the development of a post- irradiation technique to determine whether a food has been irradiated and to what extent. A reliable technique to measure post-harvest irradiation is needed by USDA and FDA to determine compliance with their respective irradiation regulations. In June 1986 NBS announced it had found a method that will determine
CRS861046SPRpage03
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CRS861046SPRpage03
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CONTENTS ABSTR-ACTOOOOOOOOCOOICOOOOOOOCOOOIIIOOOOOOOCOCO0000000CCOOOOI’OOOC0.0COOC'CvOCOO I. II. IIIO IV. VI. VII. INTRODUCTIONOOO000000000-00000O0OO“OOOOOOCOOOOOCOOOOOOIOCOOCOOOC'CCO’O'O'O‘OO'O< SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF FOOD IRRAnIATION.................. AC B. PROGRAMSCCOCOICOOOOOOOC’I;OOCO'OCCOCCOOOO‘C'C.OOO A. B. C. D. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
CRS861046SPRpage20
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CRS861046SPRpage20
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.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Testimony before the House Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production. The Status of the Technical Infrastructure to Support Domestic Food Irradiation. Hearing. 98th Cong. 2d Sess. July 26, 1984. p. 145-146.
CRS861046SPRpage04
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CRS861046SPRpage04
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CRS861046SPRpage22
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CRS861046SPRpage22
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CRS-18 facilitate coordination of irradiation research activities among Federal agen- cies and private industry as well as to help in transferring technology from Government to the private sector. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) From 1965 to 1975 NMFS conducted commercial feasibility studies using low-S dose irradiation to extend the shelf-life of various fresh fish and shellfish. NMFS
CRS861046SPRpage34
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CRS861046SPRpage34
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. An advance notice of proposed rulemaking for general use of irradiation was published by FDA on March 27, 1981. On February 14, 1984, FDA pub1ished proposed rules for the use of irradiation during the production, processing and handling of food. légf FDA proposed that: » (1) Foods irradiated at doses of 100 kilorads (1 Gy) or less be considered wholesome and safe for human consumption without requiring
CRS861046SPRpage39
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CRS861046SPRpage39
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the implementation of certain ’ regulations for irradiated foods by the Secretaries of Health and Human Services, 22/ U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research and Foreign Agriculture. Federal Food Irradia- tion Development and Control Act of 1985. Hearing, 99th Cong., lst Sess., Nov. 18, l985. 1229 p. .II the
CRS861046SPRpage11
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CRS861046SPRpage11
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CRS-7 TABLE II. Estimates of Radiolytic Products in Irradiated Foods lg] Radiation Dose Yield of All ' Yield of All (krad) Radiolytic Products (mg/kg) Unique Radiolytic Products 10 3 .3 50 15 I 1.5 100 30 3.0. 1000 (1 mrad) ‘ 300 I 30 This approach represents a departure from use of traditional animal feeding studies to obtain safety factors from dose-response curves. It is dif- ficult
CRS861046SPRpage64
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CRS861046SPRpage64
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CRS861046SPRpage57
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CRS861046SPRpage57
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. Wholesomeness of Food Treated With Ionizing Energy, Rept. 109, July 1986. p. l.
CRS84777Epage28
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CRS84777Epage28
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379 29 139 43 1,285 26 121 17 47 29 Delaware 1,906 41 506 10 134 44 1,228 34 21 50 17 47 District of ‘ Columbia 16,059 1 2,176 1 9,551 1 2,568 1 1,276 1 489 2 Florida 2,250 16 264 50 146 36 1,716 3 109 18 15 49 Georgia 1,714 48 367 32 197 21 1,082 48 37 44 30 39 Hawaii 1,780 46 445 14 155 33 1,102 43 41 39 37 35 Idaho 2,158 20 379 28 219 14 1,086 46 336 7 137 10 Illinois 2,230 18 365 35 181 23 1,547
CRS84777Epage11
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CRS84777Epage11
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taxes including State unemployment taxes deposited with the U.S. Treasury formed the base for determining the proportion of Federal taxes paid by residents of each State and the District of Columbia as shown in table 1. 2/ On the expenditure side, the State summary of Federal expenditures is not as comprehensive as the Census Bureau's own reporting of the Federal Government expenditures in its
CRS84777Epage16
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CRS84777Epage16
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,337 29 3,127 12 Ohio _2,439 23 2,435 38 Oklahoma 2,491 19 2,355 43 Oregon 2,258 34 2,335 45 Pennsylvania 2,482 20 2,786 20 Rhode Island 2,435 24 2,946 15 South Carolina 1,792 49 2,547 33 South Dakota 1,900 44 2,751 23 Tennessee 1,976 40 2,757 22 Texas 2,728 15 2,347 44 Utah 1,845 46 2,540 34 Vermont 2,027 38 2,550 32 Virginia 2,530 17 0 4,503 2 Washington 2,748 14 3,555 9 West Virginia 1,944 41 2
CRS84777Epage13
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CRS84777Epage13
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capita basis, the total Federal tax payments in seventeen States and the District of Columbia were above the U.S. average for fiscal year 1983 of $2,500. These States, with the percentage of the U.S. per capita in paren- theses, are as follows: Alaska (158), Connecticut (138), District of Columbia (133), New Jersey (127), Wyoming (117), Illinois (115), Maryland (113), Dela- ware (113), Nevada (112
CRS84777Epage24
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CRS84777Epage24
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,725 2.15 North Dakota 680 0.29 7,724 L 0.28 Ohio 10,746 4.59 120,936 4.43 Oklahoma 3,298 1.41 36,896 1.35 Oregon 2,662 1.14 29,065 1.06 Pennsylvania 11,895 5.08 136,912 5.01 Rhode Island 955 0.41. 10,992 0.40 South Carolina 3,264 1.40 29,224) 1.07 South Dakota 700 0.30 6,792 0.25 Tennessee 4,685 2.00 43,867 1.61 Texas 15,724 6.72 184,003 6.74 Utah 1,619 0.69 14,618 0.54 Vermont 525 0.22 , 5,272 0.19
CRS84777Epage15
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CRS84777Epage15
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Colorado 2,756 12 2,824 19 Connecticut 3,453 2 3,750 8 Delaware 2,814 8 2,573 31 District of Columbia 3,347 3 18,472 1 Florida 2,399 26 3,047 13 Georgia 2,049 37 2,580 30 Hawaii 2,464 22 3,929 5 Idaho ' 1,838 41 2,420 39 Illinois 2,873 6 2,489 35 Indiana 2,307 30 2,199 50 Iowa 2,279 32 2,250 47 Kansas 2,626 16 2,938 16 Kentucky 1,889 45 2,376 42 Louisiana 2,349 28 2,326 46 Maine 1,905 43 2,679 28
CRS84777Epage34
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CRS84777Epage34
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District of Columbia 1.41 1.71 Florida 7.30 4.84 Georgia 2.12 2.20 Hawaii 0.53 0.60 Idaho 0.35 0.36 Illinois 4.03 4.25 Indiana 1.66 1.79 Iowa 1.28 0.97 Kansas 1.09 1.06 Kentucky 1.32 1.31 Louisiana 2.64 1.53 Maine 0.41 0.46 §/ Anton, T. J. The Regional Distribution of Federal Expenditures, 1971-1980. National Tax Journal, v. 36, no. 4, December 1983. p. 429-442.
CRS84777Epage12
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CRS84777Epage12
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on Legislation and National Security. Hearing on the Consolidated Federal Funds Report Act of 1982. 97th Congress, 1st sess., September 21, 1984. p. 19. The Deputy Director of OMB gives the reasons for the new reporting system and the discontinuation of the old. '5“
CRS84777Epage31
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CRS84777Epage31
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Procurement 120 51 (IN) 1,127 (NM) 43 5 (Nondefense) All Other 70 8 (WV) 536 (ND) 11 2 The data in table 8 indicate that per capita Federal expenditures for defense functions during fiscal year 1983 were below the U.S. average of $778 in 33 of the 50 States and ranged from $122 in West Virginia to $2,503 in Virginia. The West Virginia total is equivalent to 16 percent of the U.S. average and to 5 percent
CRS84508ENRpage21
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CRS84508ENRpage21
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or taste its presence in water; while this level of gasoline does not seem to be toxic, it nevertheless makes the water containing it objectionable as a drinking water supply. Higher concentra- tions may become toxic, and when concentrations reach levels of around 10,000 parts per million in the air, the gasoline reaches an explosive threshold. Preventing Underground Storage Tank Leakage To prevent

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