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CRS87241Epage01
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TREATMENT TO COMMUNIST COUNTRIES .............. CURRENT APPLICATION OF THE MEN TREATMENT ........................ Uitor--0- by Vladimir N. Pregelj Specialist in International Trade and Finance Economics Division Congressional Research Service March 20, 1987
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CRS87241Epage08
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in 1945. §] Mongolian People's Republic. SD _/ An independent, Soviet client state (Tannu Tuva People's Republic) from 1921 to 1944, then annexed by the Soviet Union; now Tuvinian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. £Q/ Formerly part of Germany, East Prussia was ceded in 1945 in part to the Soviet Union, in part to Poland. mls/rb
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CRS84846Apage13
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). Explicit authority for civil actions against violators by private parties aggrieved by the violation is also established. Conclusion In 1984 the Congress enacted a new law which explicitly permits the sale and use of backyard satellite receivers. The intent is for backyard satellite TVRU owners to have a statutory right to watch the cable programing carried by unencrypted signals. If a marketing system
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CRS84846Apage05
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RECEPTION OF SATELLITE SIGNALS CARRYING CABLE PROGRAMS Introduction Use of satellite technology to relay television programs to cable , systems around the country has revolutionized cable service to the public. Until the mid-1970's cable service primarily consisted of retransmitted local broadcast signals. Although some cable systems "imported" broadcast signals by microwave
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CRS84846Apage15
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CRS-10 and the use of subscription television decoders and microwave converters. These latter devices were the ones which were the subject of decisions handed down during the early 1980's holding that reception itself violated the original secrecy clause. David R. Sidda1l' Legislative Attorney American Law Division December 14, 1984s
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CRS84521ENRpage07
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CRS-6 This confusion over cost extends into the discussion of unemployment in the high-sulfur coal industry. Both econometric and coal industry studies assume that fuel-switching would be the major alternative used in reducing S02 emissions--a scenario rejected in the utilities’ studies despite historic behavior. Indeed, if the utilities did use FGD, then coal employment impact would probably
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CRS84521ENRpage48
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.423 14.3$7.000 .iA£eItooLMrpu'o'ucnnthonu- --------._-..- 960.063.748 Raurnnds ma nu-rays - -....-----.........--.,- mtemooannenulnua --..--..-..------.,-- 335.000 700! Sale! in Ultimate Conulllltrl - .. - - .. .. - 15.428.560.535 5.138.-6913.000 Sdpforfiaglc .---_,-,_.__,.,---,-,_,._,_,_,,.,_ 3.378.114.6354 789356.000 ‘l'O!‘A-L Kll'.0WA1'Y-HOUR sauzs -..;..... 2:107
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CRS84521ENRpage21
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CRS*20' which will determine the success of any of these financing schemes. Polluter Pays. One of the basic tenets of environmental protection is the concept that polluters of the environment should pay for the cost of cleaning up their own pollution. However, the government has generally provided some assistance to polluters in achieving mandated standards. Generally, this assistance has
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CRS84521ENRpage53
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CRS-51 Table 9: Estimated Monthly Cost to Residential Consumers ‘ (l983$) Utility Highest Year Cost 20-Year Levelized Cost Fuel Switch Fuel Switch H.R. 3400 S. 2001 Scenario H.R. 3400 S. 2001 Scenario ——-—5oo KWH/MON H—--- Gulf 2 Power 1.50 1.60 1.50 0.90 1.20 1.00 Florida 0 it = Power 0.90 1.10 1 1.20 0.60 g 0.90 0.90 ---1000 KWH/MONTH--- Gulf A .3000 ._ "3000 A Florida 5 ’ POWer 2020 2030
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CRS84521ENRpage23
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from clean States may be assisting more in the clean-up of other States‘ utilities (and possibly industries) than under H.R. 3400, in, exchange for the 12 million ton reduction envisioned in the bill. Regional Equity. A second perspective on the equity issue is a regional or national one. Traditionally, air pollution control was primarily concerned with local ambient concentrations. Hence, localities
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CRS84521ENRpage27
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provide significant job savings, but how much is unclear.. The weakest high-sulfur coal protection is in S. 2001. As discussed earlier, the priority system of S. 2001 almost guarantees that fuel switching would be the strategy of first.choice., Hence, high-sulfur coal protection is basically a matter of administrative discretion. If enforcement of section 125 of the Clean Air Act (which attempts
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CRS84521ENRpage11
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FIGURE 3: ‘:01 vi" :0" 17"‘ do //d r S B U 1 E 1 -1. § ' I 77i4:.’l$dnds'. of 3 3 [W 19-- Q.- 49-- u": IO‘? Source: CRS- 10 Rate Impact of $500,000 Investment Using Different Accounting Methods (discounted) - e __5' lb ;} /2' I3. /,3 /3' ,; ;g_ Vms Derived from Morrison, Sylvia. Construction Work in Progress in Electric Base Rate. Report
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CRS84521ENRpage10
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A a significant advantage in terms of rate impact despite its early collection. A major reason for this is the trust fund's ability to collect interest on its revenues while awaiting the paying off of the program's expenditures. i A second advantage of the trust fund, not illustrated here, is that prepayment "unstacks" capital costs from~operations and maintenance (0 & M) costs
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