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CRS861012ENRpage13
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C123 --11 because, in the view of the Administration and other farm policy critics, these laws had not cut supports deeply enough. Others countered that anything more than the limited cutbacks enacted would have caused even more suffering in the depressed farm sector. The CCC cost increases were interrupted briefly. Table 1 shows that outlays dipped from $18.8 billion in fiscal 1983 to $7.2
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CRS861012ENRpage28
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CRS861012ENRpage14
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CRS«l2 Late in 1985, Congress passed and the President signed the new Food Security Act. The Act was designed to improve the farm economy by signifi~ cantly lowering most CCC loan rates (which had tended to keep market prices high), beginning with 1986 crops. Augmented by new export stimulus initiatives, these lower rates were supposed to make U.S. commodities more price-competitive on world
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CRS87325Apage09
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recently, in §glgerv.Youngs Drug_ Products Corp.,13 the Court upheld the right of a manufacturer of contraceptives to mail unsolicited advertisements for his products, both because advertising for contraceptives implicates substantial individual and societal interests in the free flow of commercial information, and because the 15 421 u.s. 309 (1975). 16 Ed: at 822. 17 447 u.s. at 561-62. 18 453 u.s. so
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CRS87325Apage14
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CRS-l0 1927.29 As the Supreme Court explained in Red Lion Broadcasting_Co. v. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), "Without government control, the medium [radio] would be of little use because of the cacophony of competing voices, none of which could be clearly and predictably heard."3O Red Lion upheld the constitutionality of the FCC's "fairness doctrine," which
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CRS87325Apage05
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such 1 "Congress Considers Condom Commercials,” Broadcasting, Feb. 16, 1987, at 65-66. 2 There is a 1935 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruling which labeled a radio advertisement for contraceptives "distasteful" and contrary to the public interest. In re Knickbocker Broadcasting Co., 2 F.C.C. 76 (1935).
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CRS87325Apage16
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CRS—12r this programming has noted that abstinence and monogamy also prevent the spread of AIDS even more than does theproper use of condoms, a fact stressed by those who feel that these other approaches should be emphasized over one which they feel could encourage immorality.37 A person who feels that a radio or television station is presenting less than a balanced picture of the AIDS situation
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CRS851132EPWpage13
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CRS-4 are made for social security and medicare through the Treasury's cash operating accounts, not through their trust funds. 2/ The social security and medicare trust funds, like other Federal trust funds, are depositories of Federal bonds and securities, not cash. When Treasury receives social security and medicare revenues from the public, it issues a corresponding amount of new
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CRS851132EPWpage33
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CR3-14 SUWARY New Federal securities purchased with social security or medicare income are credited to the social security and medicare trust funds and become part of the national debt. Conversely, when the Treasury makes disbursements for these programs, it redeems some of their securities. The redeemed securities are then no longer a part of the national debt. Thus, in theory, with all other
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CRS851132EPWpage19
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excess money col- lected during a particular period then becomes available for the Government to use to: (1) reduce the level of debt held by the public or maintain it at a level below what it otherwise might be, (2) increase spending above what it otherwise might be, or (3) reduce taxes below what they otherwise might be. If the excess receipts were used to liquidate outstanding Federal securi- ties
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CRS851132EPWpage23
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CRS-9 amount of debt held by the public would be unchanged, but federally held debt would decline as the trust funds’ securities are liquidated. As a result, the overall national debt would be lower. How Are the Government's Interest Costs Affected by Social Security and Medicare? Since the social security and medicare trust funds earn interest from the Government, changes in the level of their securities can affect the interest costs of the Government. However, whether actual interest expenditures of the Treasury are altered depends on the use the Government makes of excess social security and medicare receipts and how it covers income shortfalls. If excess external social security or medicare receipts were used to hold down the amount of debt held by the public, new debt would be incurred to the trust funds, substituting for debt that otherwise would be held by the public. As a result, interest payments to the trust funds would rise, but interest pay~ ments to the public would decline. For the Government as a whole, interest costs would remain unchanged. However, actual interest expenditures from the Treasury (i.e., interest payments to the public) would be lower. Interest given to the trust funds does not raise Treasury expenditures, since it is merely a payment from one Government account to another. If excess income to the trust funds arises from internal transfers from the General Fund, the interest accruing on the corresponding new securities issued to the trust funds would raise the overall interest costs of the Government. However, actual interest expenditures from the Government to the public would be unaffected. The interest given to the trust funds again would merely be a payment from one Government account to another.
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CRS851132EPWpage31
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CRS-13 ~) ' ‘ Yet another possible effect of a debt ceiling limitation is the loss of % interest. If Treasury were unable to issue new securities to the trust funds based on the internal transfers because doing so might raise the Government's liabilities above the debt ceiling, the trust funds potentially could lose interest until the debt ceiling were raised and new securities issued
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CRS84688Epage18
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. The journal presents an interview with Chamber Board Chairman Robert Thompson. Q] Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Hearings, March 1981, op. cit., p. 3l5~3l6. See also: Hashimoto, Masanori. Minimum Wage Effects on Training on the Job. American Economic Review, December l982. p. 1070-1087.
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CRS84688Epage14
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preferential for youth workers over other workers for minimum wage-type work? Will the youth differential result in the employment of sub-minimum wage eligible youth instead of older workers ~~ for minimum wage~type work? The problem was clearly outlined by Urban lnstitute economist June O'Neill (who supports the concept of a youth differential or exemption) during hearings in 1981. She explained: "
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CRS84688Epage10
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Youth Employment Opportunity Act of 1983), calls for a ivyear program of experimentation with the subrminimum wage concept. Although nominally designed to "increase the opportunities for summer employment for youth,’ the projected experiment would seem to work on a year~around basis. Under the Percy proposal, a youth (anyone not yet 20 years of age) would be employahle at 85% of the otherwise
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CRS876Spage10
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CRS-8 postwar lows of 1.1 million units a year in 1981 and again in 1982. The economy as 21 whole fell into a deep recession that continued until monetary restrictions were eased in the second half of 1982. Obviously, the economic health of the Nation takes precedence over any one sector. But along with housing, local governments, public utilities and other long-term borrowers are adversely
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CRS876Spage03
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_ million over the number in 1975. Government ~us3aaoations Unit AUG 1 1994 Washington University 'a_;ma,~,-es St Louis, Mo 63130 Decent housing is part of the social compact in the United States. Having " enough space, modern conveniences, the choice of owning or renting, access to a nice neighborhood, freedom to move -- these are important values to Americans. These goals have found
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