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CRS85746EPWpage35
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, Daily Edition. p. H11807); the modified amendment was agreed to by the Senate on that same date (Congressional Record, Daily Edition. pp. 514157-14158). 12/ Federal Register, May 22, 1985, pp. 21190-21198. ggf Federal Register, November 23, 1984, pp. 46169-46174. .21] Education-Watchers Speak Out Against Rules on ‘Secular Humanism‘. Education Daily. January 16, 1985; Department Proposes Rule to Curb
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CRS85746EPWpage33
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, and the responses to this article, Phi Delta Kappan, October 1982. For a review of some of the court cases involving "secular humanism" in the schools, see Religious Activities in the Public Schools and the First Amendment: Judicial Decisions and the Congressional Response by David M. Ackerman, Congressional Research Service Report No. 85-17A, Updated December 14, 1984.) II II II OI $2] Congressional
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CRS87233Epage23
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,703,600 1,977,375 1,313,250 -46.72 -33.32 456,750 250,000 161,550 -45.32 -35.42 472,950 250,000 153,700 -47.12 -36.52 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 1,562,400 352,450 563,300 -45.42 -33.32 345,350 443,200 293,300 -47.02 -33.32 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02 200,000 250,000 150,000 25.02 -40.02, 1,717,200 365,125 576,750 -49.62 -33.32 320,200 412,425 274
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CRS87233Epage16
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and Local Tax Deductibility and Metropolitan Migration. National Tax Journal. June 1986. pp. 189-200; and William F. Fox. Tax Structure and the Location of Economic Activity Along State Borders. National Tax Journal. December 1986. pp. 387-402.
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CRS87233Epage07
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~cas-3 Finally, the Tax Reform Act eliminated the deductibility of sales taxes and raised the sales tax cost to $1.00 for all State and local taxpayers, whether or not they are itemizers. This change also has the effect of causing State and local taxpayers to decrease the level of public spending in those States that levy sales taxes. Rough estimates of the effect of these three tax reform
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CRS87233Epage05
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TAX REFORM: ITS POTENTIAL EFFECT ON THE STATE AND LOCAL SECTOR < The Tax Reform Act of 1986 had two major themes. . The first theme was to swap rate reduction for broadened (more comprehensive) individual and corporate tax bases. , The second major theme was simplification, which evolved into the removal of low-income taxpayers from the individual income tax system and a substantial reduction
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CRS87171Epage04
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to secure reasonable credit terms elsewhere. TABLE 1. Activity Under the Section 502 Program, FY1977 - 1987 (Dollar Amount in Millions) Fiscal Year Loan Obligations iUnits 1977 5 2,569 107,515 1978 2,691 100,476 1979 2,879 93,774 2 1980" 2,845 82,247 1981 2,591 69,706 1982 , 2,478 61,957 1983‘ 2,138 51,920 1984 1,844 43,479 1985 1,790 40,801 1986 1,155 25,474 11987 (estimate) 1,340 28,700 Source
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CRS87233Epage18
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-0.94 -1.35 South Dakota na na na na na .Tennessee 6.00 3.00 4.3 -1.44 -2.07 Texas na na na na na Utah 7.75 3.88 5.58 ~0.57 -0.81 Vermont 26.50 13.25 19.08 8.81 12.69 Virginia 5.75 2.88 4.14 -1.57 -2.25 Washington na na na na na West Virginia 13.00 6.50 9.36 2.06 2.97 Wisconsin 7.90 3.95 5.69 -0.49 -0.70 Wyoming na na wna na na U.S. avg.--U.S. average rate. 3 Uses the rate which is expected
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CRS84686ENRpage25
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CRS-13 Mr. Haase of the Western Regional Council, emphasized potential vulnerability of high elevation mountain areas in the West while Dr. Bergman stated that generally sensitive regions also included the Smokey and Rocky Mountains, and the northwest and northcentral U.S.s The Adirondacks were considered the most sensitive region in the U.S., according to Dr. Perhac. Although, as noted
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CRS84686ENRpage50
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CCRS-38 FIGURE 2 . ESTIMATES or-' 1995 ANNUAL costs or so; ROLLBACK 10r- ANNUAL cos? IN 1995 no’ 1932 DOLLARS) " A 9 _ A 1 I 1 ° \ 2 4 p 6 8 1o 12 14 16 SULFUR DIOXIDE REDUCTION FROM 1995 PROJECTION Source: Department of Energy ...the difficulty is that the states that are the hardest hit economically now will be asked to sustain the burden [of reductions], even though their electricity
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CRS84686ENRpage67
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endangered fish life. ... I cosponsored S. 1925, which would accelerate the development and commercialization of these coal technologies. Whatever action Congress takes to correct this problem must be based on hard, irrefutable evidence - evidence which is not present today. More- over, Congressional action must not impair our national security, which in- cludes our energy and economic security, nor should
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CRS*iii They generally indicated that the knowledge base is rapidly expanding; but their interpretations of the adequacy of the knowledge base ranged from Dr. Jerald Schnoor, Director of Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, who concluded, "there are many good reasons to reduce S0x emissions, to others who concluded that further research is necessary and that delays will not risk
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CRS84686ENRpage68
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:-y—_......._v.-.==—4;e-....—.x=-—.-———a_:=— . ——-——~———4~ A — A cas-56 HARRY G. ENOCH DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY KENTUCKY ENERGY CABINET We would like to propose the following as an alternative to acid rain control legislation: I First, we ask acceptance of the fact that the acid rain solutions must, of necessity, be long-range, or long-term solutions. The public should not be led to expect a painless, quick-fix to this problem. There simply isn't any. n I Saddling one region of the country with major utility emission re- .ductions is°not the answer: The solution, ultimately, will require major and expensive reductions of sulfur and nitrogen emissions in all regions of he country. Secondly, encourage vigorous enforcement of the current Clean Air Act. And, lastly, create a climate that encourages the development and commercial application of new technology. And two of the incentives to this end would be the Coal Technology Bill that is before the committee at this time. Another vehicle would be the Synthetic Fuels Corporation. JOHN T. JARVIS UNITED MINE WORKERS OF AMERICA The UMWA believes that the magnitude of job losses described herein is unacceptable, particularly in light of the current lack of scientific consensus on the issue. That is why the UMWA strongly supports legislation, which has been introduced in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate, to accelerate the ongoing study of the causes and effects of acid rain. We must have more data before control legislation is enacted.
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