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CRS85661Apage27
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CRS85661Apage27
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with two different forms of seniority. The earliest cases involved the use of departmental seniority, or length of service within a department, by an employer who prior to the 1964 Act had overtly segregated black em- ployees in the lowest paying and least desirable jobs. With the advent of “Title VII the employer would remove these overt restrictions on job assign- ment and transfer and substitute
CRS85661Apage11
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CRS85661Apage11
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workers in the . . . plant approximates the percentage of blacks in the local labor force. lg] Weber, therefore, permits race conscious affirmative action which may adversely _ affect the interests of white workers when-such measures are necessary to re-" i"dress "manifest racial imbalance in traditionally segregated job categories."_l 1;] 443 u.s. at 208. 15/ 443 u.s, at 208-9.
CRS83635ENRpage14
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CRS83635ENRpage14
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the other 30 percent was inundated by water. About 675,000 acres (roughly one-quarter) of the agricultural land annually converted to nonfarm uses was cropland. This is an annual loss of about 0.2 percent of the total U.S. crop- land base according to the NALS. The accuracy of the NALS data on farmland conversion has recently been challenged by several researchers, e.g., Fischel (1982) and Simon
CRS83635ENRpage82
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CRS83635ENRpage82
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CRS-71 APPENDIX FIGURE 2. Farm Production Regions Aécording to the Census of Agriculture. J sournsnu PLAINS Souruez NALS 1981, p. 319
CRS83635ENRpage27
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CRS-16 Unfortunately, little is known about how much food and fiber prices must increase to bring various amounts of potential cropland into productionall/ Crosson has concluded that: [t]he prospective increase in land and production costs is cause for concern, but it does not now appear to pose a major threat to the national welfare or to those abroad who count on the United States to supply
CRS83635ENRpage63
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CRS83635ENRpage63
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CRS-52 assistance from USDA in determining whether or not a proposed location or site meets the Act's definition of farmland. If farmland is involved, the second section presented the criteria to be used to identify and take into account farmland conversion impacts. Specifically, these criteria utilize the agricul- tural Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) system recently developed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)n3é/ Whenever State or local governments have already performed a LESA evaluation, Federal agencies are permitted to use this evaluation as an “appropriate benchmark" for assuring compatibility with state or local farmland retention policies. Finally, the third and fourth sections of the draft regulations specified the technical assistance that USDA would provide and the process by which Federal agencies can get assistance from USDA in reviewing their programs and assessing the probable effects of changes in them. i ‘About ten percent of the commentors on the draft regulations expressed opposition to implementing the FPPA. The U.S. Department of Transportation, highway agencies in eight States, the California Chamber of Commerce, and several other California-based organizations were among these commentors. Other comments on the draftregulations were focused primarily on four matters. First, many commentors criticized the lack of oversight or monitoring responsi- bilities by USDA. Noting that there is not even a requirement that Federal agencies make periodic reports on the impacts of their programs on agricultural land, many commentors expressed concern that some Federal agencies may not comply with the Act. Second, some commentors noted that the LESA criteria are not well-suited to linear or corridor-type projects (such as highways) and some types of water projects. Several technical matters involving specific site .Z§/ For more information on the LESA system, see Wright, et al.i(l983).
CRS83635ENRpage70
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CRS-59 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary. "Memorandum No. 1827, Supplement 1." Washington, DC, June 21, 1976. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Policy on Agricultural Lands." Washington, DC, September 8, 1978. U.S. General Accounting Office. Preserving Americais Farmland--A Goal the Federal Government Should Support. CED-79-109. Washington, DC, 1979
CRS83635ENRpage86
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and 1975 occurred at a much faster rate than in the l958~l967 period. The NALS attributed much of this increase in rural land conversion to four demographic phenomena: 1. The more rapid growth of nonmetropolitan areas in the 19703; _ 2. The growth of development in rural and unincorporated areas; 3. The growth of construction of housing on unsewered lots; and ' 4. The more rapid growth of households
CRS83635ENRpage81
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CRS83635ENRpage81
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one-quarter) of the agricultural land annually converted tononfarm uses was cropland. Over half of the converted land was forestland or "other" land. Although not precisely known, it was estimated that as much as 200,000 acres of high or medium potential cropland was annually converted between 1967 and 1975 (Brewer and Boxley 1981). Thus, about 875,000 acres of the cropland base
CRS83635ENRpage12
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.fi.,.e.__i_ _._.._,.,:3'...,e,: , 2 CRS-1 INTRODUCTION Population growth and development generally result in the conversion of rural land to more intensive uses. Some of this rural land is used for new residences, shopping centers, office buildings, and warehouses. Apart from these urban uses, new roads, airports, and highways consume relatively large amounts of rural land and significantly
CRS83635ENRpage87
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of aerial photos revealed a 23 percent increase in urban acreageAin the53 fastest growing counties in the 1960-1970 period. In contrast, the NALS found a 47 percent increase in urban_acrea§e forA§he entire country between 1967 and 1975. Fischel (1982) concluded that this differential is highly implausible; In summary; critics have argued that problems with the NALS terminology and data resulted
CRS84573ENRpage07
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CRS84573ENRpage07
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CRS-2 The concept of specific protection of aquifers is not new. In the Safe Drinking Water Act (P.L. 93-523), aquifers that are the sole source of drinking water for areas may receive a special designation by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Under Subsection l42(e), the EPA administrator may designate an aquifer for special protection if it his the sole source of drinking water
CRS84573ENRpage05
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aquifers. For further information on these Congressional activities, refer to Ground-, water Contamination and Protection. g] l] U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Ground- water: What It Is, and How It Is Being Protected. Report no. 84-16 ENR, by Donald V. Feliciano. Washington, 1984. 52 p. 2/ U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service.u Ground- water Contamination
CRS84573ENRpage03
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CRS84573ENRpage03
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ABSTRACT This report examines the importance of sole source aquifers of ground- water to the Nation's drinking water supply and how these aquifers are protected under Federal law. The report also includes a description of the sole source aquifers recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency and identifies the Congressional districts that overlie them. At this time, 17 sole source
CRS84573ENRpage18
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CRS84573ENRpage18
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UBRARV or WASHENGTQN I umzvemawr ST. Lows;-5 ‘M0.
CRS84573ENRpage16
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CRS84573ENRpage16
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CRS84573ENRpage08
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CRS84573ENRpage02
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CRS84573ENRpage01
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Congressional Research Service V The Library of Congress n * as _' we a «E rAR¥' Washington eteniversiw SOLE souncs AQUIFERS AND RELATED CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS by Donald V. Feliciano Analyst in Environmental Policy Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division March 21, 1984 1.TR%4-\2<2.
Welfare reform
Title
Welfare reform: Brief summary of selected major proposals
Date
1987
Summary
This report provides brief summaries of selected proposals to revise programs of aid for needy children and their families. All proposals would alter treatment of recipients of the program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), and some also include recommendations to revise cash welfare for the needy aged, blind, or disabled (Supplemental Security Income--SSI). The report summarizes several provisions of current law and then describes how the proposals would change them. Examined are: benefit rules, work/school obligations, treatment of earnings, job refusal on income grounds, eligibility of two-parent families, the Federal funding share, and the interaction of AFDC with other programs.

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