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CRS8770SPRpage07
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CRS-2 - Should the Congress clarify existing law about the roles of the Departments of Commerce and Defense in approving remote-sensing systems?1 BACKGROUND AND DEFINITION OF TERMS Land remote-sensing satellites measure the radiation and light, reflected and emitted from the figrth in different bands or colors of the spectrum. The satellite returns data to ground receiving stations, where they can
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CRS8770SPRpage10
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. 18-21. 9 Ibid. 10 Shuttle Crew Photographs Soviet Sites, Aviation week and Space Technology, Jan. 9, 1984. p. 18. Aviation week and Space Technology published several of the photos.
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CRS8770SPRpage16
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. Another question is whether the United States would want to stay commercially competitive with another country which developed a satellite with resolution higher than 10 meters, and whether this would warrant a change in U.S. national security restrictions. The ultimate question may be whether high resolution remote-sensing data, if widely disseminated, can be used to anyone's disadvantage, or harm
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CRS8770SPRpage12
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for the right to prior consent, or the right to see the data first in order to :determine whether the data should be distributed. The provision for non-discriminatory access to data has been written into U,S. law by the Land Remote Sensing Satellite Commercialization Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-365). ‘The law requires any U.S. remotersensing satellite company to provide data on a non-discriminatory basis. SPOT Image
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CRS8770SPRpage14
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detailed report on the requirements for an International Satellite Monitoring Agency (ISMA).14 According to the report, ISMA would require a satellite with resolution of 3-5 meters for detection and 0.5 meters for identification and description of military objects (rangingifrom troops to missiles). International Reaction VFrance headed the committee of governmental experts that reported
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CRS8770SPRpage15
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CRS-l0 address the issue of whether or not the primary data produced by an ISMA satellite would be openly available to the public or would be confidential.15 Some governments might worry about the publication of sensitive data. At the same time, however, foreign governments may want access to the kind of sensitive information that the United States and Soviet Union already have on countries
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CRS8770SPRpage03
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resolution satellites, usome fear that other countries will, causing the United States to lose its lead in civilian remote sensing satellite technology. The Land Remote~Sensing-Commercialization Act of 1984 designated the Department of Commerce as the licensor of new remote sensing satellites, and reinforces the role of the Department of Defense in overseeing national security interests in the licensing
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CRS8770SPRpage01
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I L2. /V43: 7__-705 87-70 spa *°x‘ _. ; Q 0 Congressional Research Service as O . i 3 : The Lnbrary of Congress 4 M, ; i s ¢&”~A 2+ % . 1 s ,, 3 8 Government Public t‘ . r BI Washington, D.C. 20540 Unit Ons ‘W5 762994 E Washington U i‘ . A . Louisn“it(;rS'ty L"bs’3“'9S‘ i . 0 53130 HEDIASAT: THE USE OF REMOTE-SENSIHC‘SATELLIfES BY NEWS-AGENCIES Patricia E. Humphlett Analyst
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CRS86543EPWpage11
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.oo 313,734,o56.35 1,306,413,056.35 Pennsylvania 1,604,407,335.76 159,891,598.02 1,764,298,933.78 Puerto Rico 65,888,384.00 O 65,888,384.00 Rhode Island 101,760,524.44 o 1o1,75o,524.44 Vermont 31,220,607.8O o 31,220,607.80 Virgin Islands 2,752,281.92 200,931.24 2,953,213.16 West Virginia 104,814,000.00 o 1o4,314,ooo.oo wissonsin 126,664,000.00 149,3S1,329.36 275,o1s,329.35 Total s7,572,423,165.o3 $8,S99,428,824.79
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CRS86543EPWpage15
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? 1. Average Tax Rate Deferral The average tax rate deferral (Section l202(b)(A) of the Social Security Act of 1935, as amended) was effective October 1, l982, through September 30, 1985. Under this provision a State could defer 80 percent of the interest due on unemployment loans if it met two conditions: (1) the State had not acted to reduce its unemployment fund solvency or tax effort after
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CRS86543EPWpage03
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ABSTRACT p The Social Security Amendments of 1983 (P.L. 98-21) established several temporary fiscal relief provisions that were aimed at providing incentives to pstrengthen the solvency of StateUnemployment Insurance (UI) programs. These provisionsiallowed States meeting certain conditions to defer interest payments on UI loans,receive a discounted interest rate, and receive a partial cap
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CRS85818Epage14
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CRS*8 Table 4. Summary Measures of Variation in. Interest Rates 1972-1982 <1) 2 <2) (3) Average Standard. Coefficient Interest Rates gj Deviation b] of Variation 5/ Federal Funds 9.11 X 3.92 ~ 0.43 3-Yr. Treasuries 8.97 2.90 ~ 0.32 Commercial Loans d/ ll.75 4.18 0.36 Consumer Loans §]—' 12.30 p 2.37 g s 0.19 _a_/ Average of monthly rates in Feb., May, Aug-, and Nov. of each year- _b
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CRS85818Epage23
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CRS-17 In June 1978, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System autho- rized variable rate time deposits. These time deposits were to be non~negotiable with a maturity of six months, in amounts of not less than $10,000. Interest was to be. tied to the discount rate at the weekly 6-month Treasury bill auction. At the same time, the Federal Reserve System permitted member banks to arrange
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CRS85818Epage24
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sources outside of checking and savings accounts, were better prepared than thrifts for interest rate deregulation. However, banks’ costs of funds rose as interest rates became deregulated. Table 6 presents a comparison of the 1978 cost of funds for banks withldeposits of from $50,000 to $200,000 with 1981 costs after deregulation had made some inroads. Table 7 presents pro forma calculations indicating
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