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CRS87171Epage03
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CRS87171Epage03
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to reduce the interest rate to as low as 1 percent. 4] The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970 enabled 1/ Public Law 81-171 (July 15, 1949). I: Section 801 of Public Law 87-70 (June 30, 1961). 1:: Section 1001 of Public Law 89-117 (August 10, 1965). '£ Section 1001 of Public Law 90-448 (August 1, 1968).
CRS87171Epage14
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CRS87171Epage12
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CR3‘-10 TABLE 8. Activity under the Section 525 Program, FY1979 - 1981 Fiscal Year Appropriations ($000) 1979 if 3 2950-0 1980 1,500 1981 1,000 Source: Farmers Home Administration, U.S. Department of Agricul- ture. SUMMARY AND PROSPECT FOR CONTINUATION or RURAL HOUSING PROGRAMS As originally enacted, the Housing Act of 1949 authorized FmHA to make loans and grants to farm owners to construct
CRS87171Epage08
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CRS*6 TABLE 4. Activity Under the Section 515 Program, FY1977 ~ 1987 Fiscal Year Loan Obligationsi Units '9 (Millions) 1977 . $ 555 32,056 1978 676 34,300 1979 870 38,650 1980 -1881 33,100 1981 865 29,500 1982 954 30,500 1983 802 24,200 1984 - 919 27,100 1985 0 903 A 1 25,687 A 1986. 652 21,266 1987 (estimate) 670 21,233 Source: Farmers Home Administration, U.S. Department of Agricul~ ture
CRS87171Epage07
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CRS*5 TABLE 3. Activity under Sections 514 and S16, FY1977 ~ 1987 Sec. 514 0 Sec. 516 Fiscal Year Loans Units 1] Grants ($000) ($000) 1977 $ 15,336 1,208 $ 7,250 1978 9,998 “,,.512» 7,150 1979 36,329 ‘“ 2,575 ' . 32,428 1980 ' 24,577 1,490 22,279 1981 ’ 18,548 890 10,518 1982 11,911 748 14,948 1983 5 3,994 326 7,544 1984 5,485 402 9,807 1985 17,533 666 12,138 1986 10,675 653 10,850 1987
CRS87171Epage11
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CRS-9 TABLE 7. Activity under the Section 524 Program, FY1977 - 1987 Fiscal Year Site Loans A Units 1] ($000) A 1977 $ 1,432 236 1978 1,754 320 1979 2,958 ' 495 1980 822 124 1981 A 454 52 1982 G - . - 1983 _ 310 37 1984 213 - 24 1935 “ “ 1986 A v“ ‘ 1987 (estimate) 574 57 if Site loans contribute building sites. The housing_units built upon these sites are financed through other programs
CRS87171Epage01
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TECHNICAL AND SUPERVISORY ASSISTANCE (SECTION 525) . . . . . RURAL HOUSING PRESERVATION GRANTS (SECTION 533) . . . . . . SUMMARY AND PROSPECT FOR CONTINUATION OF RURAL HOUSING lpmmmms ... ... ... .-. ... ... ... .- 10 REFERENCES . . . . . . .y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 xoOooo-:a~u1J>wa-- by B. Ellington Foote Analyst in Housing Economics Division Congressional Research Service March 3, 1987
CRS83522Spage09
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well-established pri- vate schools may be priced out of the market by the options at the "better" private schools and the public institutions. The impact likely will be greater on the small, largely liberal arts, private colleges--those that generally en- roll fewer than 1,000 students. these institutions, although accounting for over half of the private institutions by number, enroll less
CRS83522Spage22
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CRS-18 In the face of a possible shift in Federal policy, the search has begun a- cross the country for alternative ways to help students pay for college. States, educational institutions, private lenders, investment bankers, and others are all engaged in an effort to provide loans that would help fill the gap created by cutbacks in Federal student aid. Loans have the attractive feature of being
CRS83522Spage15
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to constructing these higher education l§/ Monsanto Company, Washington University Enter Research Contract. The Washington Post, June 4, 1982. p. A-8; and Philip J. Hilts. Purity vs. Profits: Academia Mulls Conflicts in Biotechnical Field. The Washington Post, June 28, pa A-so 13/ Magarrell, Jack. Give Colleges More, Corporations Urged. The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 7, 1981. p. 3.
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in 1862 and the formation of the Land- Grant college system. The system of the State universities developed with “ research and service as functions coequal with teaching. These additional func- tions made knowledge development an integral part of the university's mission. The American system of public and private higher education is somewhat unique in the western world in its role in the social
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50 years. In 1929-30, private insti- tutions enrolled more than 50 percent of all students, but by 1979-80, this pro- portion had fallen to 22 percent. The decline is not due to a reduction of abso- lute numbers, which actually have quadrupled since 1929-30. Rather, the decline can be viewed as a consequence of the great rise in public enrollment. The prob- lem may be even more severe in view
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-billion dollar pro- grams is being questioned as never before. A variety of public policy makers are scrutinizing not only the_appropriation levels, but also the philosophy, rules, and details of Federal student aid programs. Questions are being raised about issues such as the following: 1. Are some participants sufficiently wealthy that they do not need any form of Federal financial aid? 2. Does the current
CRS83522Spage35
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K_ _ .'0 083$ 0 CRS“3l 'hih“)it should assume special responsibility for a*limited number of broad Various spokespersons have expressed different points of view con- ing the following options for Federal action: 0 Development of a nationwide system of higher education that will provide the maximum number of citizens with the opportunity to benefit from postsecondary education
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to develop, various concerns have been identified. Discussion items have included (1) selection and faculty status of the research staff; (2) the need for policies when university personnel have a financial interest in a firm supporting their research; (3) restrictions on the ways in which faculty researchers may become involved with the supporting firm; (4) prior review of research reports before
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of the career potential and develops a personal interest in a particular occupation. Completion of the program may require more time, but 35/ Veloitis, P. Takis. Functional Education for Careers that Count. Curriculum Review, vol. 20, no. 1, January 1981. pp. 14-17.
CRS84686ENRpage60
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CRS-48 87,000 and 134,000 jobs. These jobs losses are projected to occur primarily in six states: Illinois, Indiana, western Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and northern West Virginia. Mandating technology was projected to reduce the job shift away from the high sulfur coal areas. For example, DOE states in its written responses that the job shift under H.R. 3400 (which mandates some technology
CRS84686ENRpage58
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CRS-46 2. An emissions cap can restrict full use of productive capacity if the historial period chosen is one in which the affected plant was operating at partial capacity. 3. An emissions cap will interfere with fuel use as the apparent effect of a cap would be to freeze patterns of fuel use on the basis of 1980 operation. This is critical for industrial concerns which some times quickly shift
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CRS-35 In any area of research where results are unpredictable, it is always desirable to put as much effort into the work as possible. However, even the Deutch panel [Ad Hoc Committee to Review the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program] advised that about v - .. $55 million in FY 1985 (about 100% increase over FY 1984) was as much as the scientific community could effectively spend
CRS84686ENRpage39
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CRS-27 It is widely assumed (and I think correctlxgso) that airborne pollutants and/or acid deposition are among the stress factors that have caused or are contributing to the symptoms observed in the forests of eastern North America. But this idea, like those pertaining to central Europe, is still only a hypothesis; it has not been proven unequivocally. ? Michael Bergman of the American Public Power Association sums the situation by stating that although ~... relating deposition to impact cannot yet be predicted... the common threads among the reports of declining forest growth are that the phenomenon is real, it is apparently occurring at an accelerated pace, and many different pollutants and mechanisms are involved at different sites. * Examples of Forest Damage in the United States. ilwo examples in the United States where forest damage is noted is on Mt. éitchell in North Carolina and at Camel's Hump, Vermont. Dr. Bruck and NS. Meier summarize their findings in North Carolinat Our observations, which suggest that major climatic perturbation (drought, abnormal high or low temperatures) is not of significance in the southern Appalacian mountains, strengthen the hypothesis that atmospheric deposition may contribute or be causal in the etiology of red spruce decline. 5; At Camel‘s Hump, Vermont, drought was suspected as a possible natural cause of forest damage. The research of Dr. Richard Klein and Hubert Vogelmann from the University of Vermont presents information that combines observed symptoms and various pollutants to develop this hypothesis: Although North American forests are not receiving the level of acidic depositions seen in Europe, well-studied areas in Vermont and New York are showing the same sequence of events and the same decline syndrome. ... The working hypothesis is that the declines are due largely to the combined actions of acids and solubilized metals... that damage to terrestrial ecosystems is caused by damage or alteration of a number of components that interact in such ecosystems. ... Attempts to derive an alternative hypothesis consistent with all available facts -- as does exist for the hypothesis of acid-metal interactions - have not been successful.

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