(168,781 - 168,800 of 182,562)
Pages
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage12
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
CR8-ll Sulfur taxes, as envisioned in current legislation, are levied directly on emitters of S02 and sometimes NOX. However, the tax is not weighed according to location or potential contribution to the acid rain problem. Hence, some distribute of costs, from polluters not required to reduce under the program to those who are, is possible. How much depends on the scope of polluters
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage54
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
CRS-52 basin (specifically Illinois); most come from eastern Kentucky. However, about 90 percent of Crist's 1.5 million ton of coal annually comes from the eastern interior basin (62 percent from Illinois, 27 percent from western Kentucky). ll] To switch Crist to low sulfur coal would result in about 250 high sulfur coal miners displaced in Illinois and 100 additional miners displaced
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage20
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
CRS~l9 Table l: ~Comparison of Generation and Sulfur Tax for Hypothetical Example (billions of current dollars) S02/Nox Emission Rate . Cost (lb. per mmBtus) i f i H.R. 3400 S. 2001 1.2/0.7 1.71‘ 1.44 2.4 / 0.9 1.71 ' 2.52 3.6 / 0.9 ‘ i 1.71 3.68 It is important in comparing these costs to note that H.R. 3400's tax is levied on all non-nuclear electricity generation whereas S.2001&apos
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage01
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
. cs.’ . v-- » kn.‘ V r\rW I 3| a?__ 1:: ‘A; [K / Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress DISTRIBUTING THE COST OF ACID RAIN MITIGATION: AN ANALYSIS OF GENERATION AND SULFUR EMISSION TAXES EMBODIED IN CURRENT PROPOSALS by Larry B. Parker"“ Analyst in Energy Policy Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division iJanuary 18, 198F‘\ LTR84-+’i8 Washington rmiversny
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage05
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
"CR3-4 fleast-cost" strategy as suggested by the range of cost estimates. Other factors, including accounting methods and replacement needs, distort the overall cost differentials between econometric and utility estimates. As shown in figure 1, the accounting method employed can have a significant effect on projected rate impacts. The various econometric studies calculate "
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage19
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
-year. The results are presented in table 1. .As indicated, if a plant meets the 1971 New Source Performance Standards for coal-fired power plants, it would pay about 20 percent less under 8. 2001 than H.R. 3400. lflowever, if the plant emits more than about 1.4 lb. of S02 and 0.9 of Nox per million Btu, then the generation tax is less expensive. \
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage44
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
CRS-42 Table 5: Estimated Monthly Cost to Residential Consumers (19835) Utility Highest Year Cost 20-Year Levelized Cost Fuel Switch Fuel Switch H.R. 3400 S. 2001 Scenario H.R. 3400 S. 2001. Scenario —-—-500 KwH/M0NrHé~—- CEI 1.30 1.80 1.60 0.90 1.70 1.30 Ohio 0 0 Edison 1.20 1 1.40 1.30 0.90 1.20 1.10 --1000 KWH/MONTH--- C31 2.60 3.50 V 3.20 1.80 4 3.30 2.60 g0hio Edison ‘ 2.40 2.70 2.60 1.90 2
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage47
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
V W, t i CRS-§ 45 FIGURE 5: Service Areas for Florida Power and Gulf Power ‘ ' “ «I 1* Service Boundary . i i 3 33;; Second Congressional r ' ' District Boundary - . - . .- Source: Electrical World
-
-
Title
-
CRS84521ENRpage03
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:84136
-
Text
-
CRS-2 This paper explores the potential costs and advantages of various cost-sharing proposals for a S02 and NOX reduction program. The paper is divided into four parts: (1) background on the dilemma facing the Midwest, (2) specific cost-sharing proposals and how they assist in alleviating this dilemma, (3) analysis of costs and advantages, and, (4).conclusion. The_paper does not discuss
-
-
Title
-
CRS851132EPWpage15
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:89936
-
Text
-
source causes the amount of securities held by their trust funds to rise, thereby increasing the internally held debts of the Government. 2] While an internal transfer from the General Fund to the social securi- ty and medicare trust funds typically is characterized as not in and of itself affecting governmental income and outgo, this is not always true. If the trans- fer from the General Fund allows
-
-
Title
-
CRS851132EPWpage11
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:89936
-
Text
-
CRS-3 QUESTIONS,ANDiANSWERS What Causes the Federal Government's Outstanding Debt To Change? The amount of the Government's outstanding liabilities--the national debt~- changes for two basic reasons: (1) the amount of cash the Treasury has available from incoming tax and other receipts is either greater or less than the expenditures it has to make, and (2) the Treasury is required
-
-
Title
-
CRS851132EPWpage27
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:89936
-
Text
-
ceiling has been reached. Z] Such an action was taken by the Treasury Department in November 1985 to permit the payment of social security and other benefits financed through Federal trust funds. For a lengthier summary of these actions, see U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Social Security: The Effect of National Debt Limitations in 1985. Report No. 85-1118 EPW, by David Koitz
-
-
Title
-
CRS851132EPWpage25
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:89936
-
Text
-
CRS-10 Conversely, if the level of securities held by the trust funds were to fall because their programs‘ income was less than their expenditures, this would not necessarily reduce the overall interest costs of the Government. If the Governmentborrowed money from the public to cover the income shortfall, interest payments to the public would rise and interest payments to the trust funds would
-
-
Title
-
CRS851132EPWpage17
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:89936
-
Text
-
CRS-6 ° If external social security and medicare taxes and premiums received from the public exceed the programs‘ payments to the public, the federally held por- tion of the debt rises by a similar amount; however, the Government's fiscal situation for that particular period is improved: the cash available for its general use is greater than it otherwise would have been. In contrast, if ex- cess social security or medicare income arises from internal transfers from the General Fund, the level of Federal securities held by the trust funds rises in the same way that it would in response to excess external receipts, but them Government's fiscal situation generally is the same as if the transfers did not take place. There have been situations in which the federally held portion of the na- tional debt rose even though the Government's expenditures for social security and medicare exceeded the amount it received for them. In this instance, in- ternal transfers to social security and medicare coupled with taxes and other receipts from the public--which together comprise the total income of the pro- grams--exceeded the programs’ expenditures (and the excess was invested). Hence, the level of Federal securities held by the trust funds rose even though the Government was spending more for these programs than it was taking in. Is the National Debt Always Increased When the Trust Funds’ Securities Rise (i.e., When Income Exceeds Outgo)? When social security's or medicare's income exceeds their expenditures, the federally held portion of the national debt rises, but the total national debt may or may not change, and, if it does change, it may be by a different amount. When the excess income results from internal transfers from the General Fund, the federally held portion of the national debt rises to reflect the addi- tional securities issued to the trust funds. rThe portion of the debt held by
-
-
Title
-
CRS851132EPWpage03
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:89936
-
Text
-
ABSTRACT The national debt represents the outstanding liabilities of the Federal Government at any given time. Because the national debt includes Federal securities in which the income of the social security and medicare programs is invested, the question is sometimes asked: What effect do social security and medicare have on the size of the national debt, and vice versa? This paper describes how these programs relate to the national debt and the statutory debt ceiling.
-
-
Title
-
CRS861046SPRpage24
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:30496
-
Text
-
CRS-20 IV. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS AND REGULATIONS International cooperation in food irradiation research and regulation has been on-going since the 1950s when a number of meetings demonstrated an inter- national interest in collaboration. International cooperation and collaboration in research and promotion is viewed as having far-reaching benefits. Exchange of information encourages governmental
-
-
Title
-
CRS861046SPRpage47
-
Page from
-
info:fedora/mu:30496
-
Text
-
to revise its regulation of E0 in a timely manner. A final regulation is anticipated in the first quarter of 1987. Washington Post, Mar. 16, 1983. p. A 21, and personal communication with L. Colbert of OSHA on Nov. 26, 1986. 69/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Halomethanes: Ambient Water Quality Criteria. Washington, DC,_l980. Z9] U.S. Departments of Energy and Agriculture, and the American
Pages