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CRS86773EPWpage19
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CRS86773EPWpage19
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) The Sustaining Effects Study (SES) was conductedby the System Development Corporation under contract to the Office/Department of Education between 1977 and 1983. It was based onaa nationally representative sample of elementary school pupils, including approximately 120,000 pupils in 329 schools. A key characteristic of the SES is that it was the first study of its size to provide pupil-specific data
CRS86773EPWpage27
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CRS86773EPWpage27
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CRS-21 from 11.0 percent in low-poverty schools to 36.9 percent-more than three times as high--in high-poverty schools. A statistically significant, though smaller, effect of poverty concentra- tion on achievement was found to remain even after controlling for such pupil characteristics as race/ethnicity, gender, number of parents, family poverty, educational level of mother, number of siblings
CRS86773EPWpage29
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CRS86773EPWpage29
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CRS-23 Two trends are evident in these data. First, the difference in percentage of pupils enrolled below their modal grade is not substantially higher for those in relatively short term poverty families (1-2 years) than for youth in families above the poverty level. In fact, the data show a counter-intuitive ‘trend of a slightly lower rate for 16 year olds with 1-2 years in poverty compared
CRS86773EPWpage20
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CRS86773EPWpage20
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._u., _._...\.~.,......_4_1. -_ :_ .,,/A CRS-14 correlations of income and academic achievement are provided in various SES reports, with slightly different results depending on such factors as whether pupils were grouped in age cohorts or treated as a whole; whether the correla-i tion was measured at the beginning or the end of the elementary schooling period; or whether achievement was measured
CRS86773EPWpage05
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CRS86773EPWpage05
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Considerations............................................8 Summary of Research Findings.....................................11 Findings of Individual Major Reports.............................13 1. Sustaining Effects Study, Final Report and Technical Report Number 20 (1983 and 1982, respectively).............l3 2. National Institute of Education Compensatory Education Study (1977).....................................16
CRS86773EPWpage17
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CRS86773EPWpage17
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achievement--have been estimated by the authors of a large number of studies. The author ofla recent synthesis of such research identified 101 such studies. Some of the more recent and significant studies are discussed individually below. However, the following table presents sumr mary information on the correlation coefficient findings of the major studies, at both the individual pupil and aggregate levels
CRS84749EPWpage19
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CRS84749EPWpage19
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info:fedora/mu:81575
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cRs-12 one percentage point. "Budget neutrality" continues to apply through fiscal year 1985. The Deficit Reduction Act also makes several modifications in the payment system for certain hospitals located in rural areas. 6. Fee Schedule for Laboratory Services,(Section 2303) The Act establishes a fee schedule for reimbursing costs of laboratory services. B. Medicaid* l. Liberalized
CRS87196Apage02
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CRS87196Apage02
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CRS85818Epage35
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CRS85818Epage35
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znui August 1984 (1) <2) <3.) Commercial . Consumer Loan Column (1) - Loan Rates 3/ ,Rates bf Column (2) August 1984 14.94 14.08 0.86 Change in Percentage Points 1.58 0.58 1.00 3/ Short-term rates for loans in the $1,000 to $499,000 range. Q] Rates on 48-month new car loans Source: Federal Reserve Bulletins, Nov. 1983 and Nov. 1984.
CRS85748Epage19
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CRS85748Epage19
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info:fedora/mu:72019
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of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1986. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 1,046 p. ~—~-- Special analysis F, Federal credit programs, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1986. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 79 p. 9 ' U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. A national develop- ment bank: survey and discussion
CRS85748Epage03
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CRS85748Epage03
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ABSTRACT It has been suggested that a Federal program of credit assistance, modeled after Ohio’s Linked Deposit Program, be established to assist small businesses. This report describes the operation of the Ohio Linked Deposit Program, presents cases for and against the proposal, and provides an overall evluation of the pro" posal.
Proposed federal linked deposit program to assist small businesses
Title
Proposed federal linked deposit program to assist small businesses: An economic analysis
Date
1985
Summary
It has been suggested that a Federal program of credit assistance, modeled after Ohio's Linked Deposit Program, be established to assist small businesses. This report describes the operation of the Ohio Linked Deposit Program, presents cases for and against the proposal, and provides an overall evaluation of the proposal.
CRS85748Epage14
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CRS85748Epage14
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info:fedora/mu:72019
CRS85818Epage30
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CRS85818Epage30
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-- that of being caught with low-paying, long-term loans without being able to fund these loans with low-cost borrowing. The following excerpt from testimony by Arnold A. Heggestad of the Univer- sity of Florida before Congress (H1 March 22, 1983, explains this dilemma ofo banks in the early eighties: Consumer....rates are generally fixed. If time bank. has not been able to match the maturity of its source
CRS85818Epage09
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CRS85818Epage09
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Unions 47,838 13.8 11.1 Retailers 1 27,541 7.9 6.4 Savings and Loans 15,842 4.6 3.7 Gasoline Companies 3,9433 1.1 0.9 Mutual Savings Banks, _ 3,190 0.9 0.7 Total Installment 4 347,185 100.0 80.5 Noninstallment 53/ 83,000 19.5 Total Consumer Credit 430,185 100.0 3/ Includes check credit and credit card. Q] Includes home improvement and other consumer loans. 5/ Includes credit to be repaid in a lump sum
CRS85818Epage12
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CRS85818Epage12
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Control Act of 1969. Table 3 shows the decline in consumer rates compared to commercial loan rates during these two periods. Consumer rates are represented by bank rates on new auto loans, while com- mercial rates are representedby short-term rates on loans in the $1,000 to $499,000 category.9 Another characteristic of the 1982-83 rates is their relative ‘height. The recovery that began in late 1982
CRS85748Epage04
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CRS85748Epage04
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CRS86773EPWpage18
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CRS86773EPWpage18
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VCRS-12 TABLE 1. Summary of Findings of Selected Studies Regarding the Correlation of Poverty and Educational Disadvantage (A), or of Income and Academic Achievement (B) Publication Correlation Coefficient Study type/name ' date individual aggregate (B) Sustaining Effects Study, 19839 .29 3 .67 final, report a] (school) (B) Sustaining Effects Study, 1982 .34-.39 technical report number 20 Q
CRS86773EPWpage36
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CRS86773EPWpage36
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CRS86773EPWpage32
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CRS86773EPWpage32
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trends in the number of poor children with trends in chapter 1 participation. As noted at the beginning of this paper, the number of children aged 5-17 in poor families I rose from 7.1 million in 1979 to 9.5 million in 1983, falling to 9.0 million in 1984. Taking the period of 1979 to 1984 overall, this is an increase of 1.9 million children, or 27 percent. In contrast, during the period of 1979-80

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