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CRS86773EPWpage20
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._u., _._...\.~.,......_4_1. -_ :_ .,,/A CRS-14 correlations of income and academic achievement are provided in various SES reports, with slightly different results depending on such factors as whether pupils were grouped in age cohorts or treated as a whole; whether the correla-i tion was measured at the beginning or the end of the elementary schooling period; or whether achievement was measured
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CRS86773EPWpage05
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Considerations............................................8 Summary of Research Findings.....................................11 Findings of Individual Major Reports.............................13 1. Sustaining Effects Study, Final Report and Technical Report Number 20 (1983 and 1982, respectively).............l3 2. National Institute of Education Compensatory Education Study (1977).....................................16
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CRS86773EPWpage17
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achievement--have been estimated by the authors of a large number of studies. The author ofla recent synthesis of such research identified 101 such studies. Some of the more recent and significant studies are discussed individually below. However, the following table presents sumr mary information on the correlation coefficient findings of the major studies, at both the individual pupil and aggregate levels
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CRS84749EPWpage19
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cRs-12 one percentage point. "Budget neutrality" continues to apply through fiscal year 1985. The Deficit Reduction Act also makes several modifications in the payment system for certain hospitals located in rural areas. 6. Fee Schedule for Laboratory Services,(Section 2303) The Act establishes a fee schedule for reimbursing costs of laboratory services. B. Medicaid* l. Liberalized
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CRS85818Epage35
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znui August 1984 (1) <2) <3.) Commercial . Consumer Loan Column (1) - Loan Rates 3/ ,Rates bf Column (2) August 1984 14.94 14.08 0.86 Change in Percentage Points 1.58 0.58 1.00 3/ Short-term rates for loans in the $1,000 to $499,000 range. Q] Rates on 48-month new car loans Source: Federal Reserve Bulletins, Nov. 1983 and Nov. 1984.
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CRS85748Epage19
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of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1986. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 1,046 p. ~—~-- Special analysis F, Federal credit programs, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1986. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 79 p. 9 ' U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. A national develop- ment bank: survey and discussion
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CRS85748Epage03
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ABSTRACT It has been suggested that a Federal program of credit assistance, modeled after Ohio’s Linked Deposit Program, be established to assist small businesses. This report describes the operation of the Ohio Linked Deposit Program, presents cases for and against the proposal, and provides an overall evluation of the pro" posal.
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CRS85818Epage30
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-- that of being caught with low-paying, long-term loans without being able to fund these loans with low-cost borrowing. The following excerpt from testimony by Arnold A. Heggestad of the Univer- sity of Florida before Congress (H1 March 22, 1983, explains this dilemma ofo banks in the early eighties: Consumer....rates are generally fixed. If time bank. has not been able to match the maturity of its source
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CRS85818Epage09
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Unions 47,838 13.8 11.1 Retailers 1 27,541 7.9 6.4 Savings and Loans 15,842 4.6 3.7 Gasoline Companies 3,9433 1.1 0.9 Mutual Savings Banks, _ 3,190 0.9 0.7 Total Installment 4 347,185 100.0 80.5 Noninstallment 53/ 83,000 19.5 Total Consumer Credit 430,185 100.0 3/ Includes check credit and credit card. Q] Includes home improvement and other consumer loans. 5/ Includes credit to be repaid in a lump sum
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CRS85818Epage12
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Control Act of 1969. Table 3 shows the decline in consumer rates compared to commercial loan rates during these two periods. Consumer rates are represented by bank rates on new auto loans, while com- mercial rates are representedby short-term rates on loans in the $1,000 to $499,000 category.9 Another characteristic of the 1982-83 rates is their relative ‘height. The recovery that began in late 1982
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CRS86773EPWpage18
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VCRS-12 TABLE 1. Summary of Findings of Selected Studies Regarding the Correlation of Poverty and Educational Disadvantage (A), or of Income and Academic Achievement (B) Publication Correlation Coefficient Study type/name ' date individual aggregate (B) Sustaining Effects Study, 19839 .29 3 .67 final, report a] (school) (B) Sustaining Effects Study, 1982 .34-.39 technical report number 20 Q
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CRS86773EPWpage32
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trends in the number of poor children with trends in chapter 1 participation. As noted at the beginning of this paper, the number of children aged 5-17 in poor families I rose from 7.1 million in 1979 to 9.5 million in 1983, falling to 9.0 million in 1984. Taking the period of 1979 to 1984 overall, this is an increase of 1.9 million children, or 27 percent. In contrast, during the period of 1979-80
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CRS86773EPWpage28
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that they had been in poverty. Summary survey data are listed below. TABLE 3. Percentage of 16 and 18 Year Olds Enrolled Below Their Modal Grade gj Years in poverty A P16 year olds 18 year olds o ‘ 21.3% 26.4% 1-2 , 20.0 ‘ 3o.7 3-7 27.7 48.4 8 or more 42.2 57.2 §[ Poverty, Achievement, and the Distribution of Compensatory Education Services. p. D-8. ggj The Effects of Short-Term and Long-Term Poverty
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CRS86773EPWpage31
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CRS-25 0 among elementary school pupils, the general finding that the correla- tion of poverty with educational disadvantage is greater in earlier than later grades is consistent with the emphasis on serving early elementary school pupils in chapter 1; and 0 poor pupils in schools with high concentrations of such pupils are more likely to be educationally disadvantaged than poor pupils in other
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CRS86773EPWpage26
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- centile in low (below 7 percent), medium (7-24 percent), and high (over 24 percent) poverty schools were found to be as listed in the following table. TABLE 2. Percentage of Pupils Who are Educationally Disadvantaged (Below 25th Achievement Percentile) in Elementary Schools With Different Poverty Rates gf School poverty rate Poor Non-poor All Under 7% ‘ 27.6% 11.0% 11.9% 7-242 9 39.2 20.7 23.9 Above 242
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