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CRS83585ENRpage44
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CRS83585ENRpage44
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Unemployment County» Labor'Force Employment Number Rate Armstrong 31,800 24,900 £6,900 21.6 Clarion. 18,800 15,400 3,400 18.0 Clearfield 40,900 32,800 .8,100 19.8 Greene 13,700 10,500 3,200 23.3 vIndiana" 43,900 36,600 7,200 16.4 Jefferson 22,200’ 18,300 3,900 17.5 Washington .98,900 80,200 ‘"M18,700 18.9 Source: 1 State of Pennsylvania. .7 __A_._ w§n< ...., - - .. -..__ _.....__ _..&apos
CRS83585ENRpage46
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CRS83585ENRpage46
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Sources: l98O ‘Labor and Proprietor Income Employment Sector (thousands of dollars) Eining 9. 748,169 Construction ' l49;482* Manufacturing A 792,988 Iransportation and Public Utilities 263,723 , Wholesale.Trade ’ 126,416 Retail Trade . ‘ 284,272* , Serfiice ‘ « A 363,2l3* Government ., 391,917 Total Labor and Proprietor Income 3,250,536** * Estimated. 9 - ** Column does not add to total because
CRS83585ENRpage47
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CRS83585ENRpage47
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benefits or unemployment compensation from the State), 0 The loss in coal production and income would translate into additional job llosses in related areas. Using a 2.25 multiplier, additional job losses are estimated at between 1,900 and 3,150. Hence, the total employment‘loss would be between 2,750 and 4,550 jobs in the seven-county area. Given the large labor force in western Pennsylvania
CRS83585ENRpage45
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CRS83585ENRpage45
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1. 1.1. 1...‘. ._..___‘ __ c—..;—..;._‘._‘...._.._-.._i, . s_¢_. -..r_.,~4 TABLE 32. Effective Buying Income (EBI) of Western Counties 1 Median Average Per County Household Household Capita EBI EBI EBI Armstrong $17,788 $19,130 $7,055 Clarion 18,085 20,242 6,747 Clearfield 18,653 20,203 7,129 Greene‘ 116,079 17,780 6,286 .Indiana 21,754 25,216 8,352 Jefferson 17,252 18,874 6,891 Washington 19,129
CRS83585ENRpage49
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CRS83585ENRpage49
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(see table 36). However, West Virginia coal production during the same period declined aboute15 percent. I TABLE 36. "Population Trends in‘Northern West Virginia: 1970-1980 County 1981 Population ‘ Z Change from 1970 Barbour 17,100 21.9 Harrison 78,100 '7.8 Marion 1 66,700 1 8.7 Marshall 42,300 .' 12.5 ,Mononga1ia . 6 77,300 21.3 Preston 31,500 23.7 Randolph 29,500 19.9 Upshur 24
CRS83585ENRpage61
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CRS83585ENRpage61
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in 1982, I I half of that to Canada. Larger amounts of low-sulfur steam coal were shipped from southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky. . However, this boom in the steam coal market has stopped in 1983, calling‘into I doubt the optimistic predictions of future massive exports. Given the current sit? iuation,?any prediction of future exports would be very speculative. To summarize, it appears from
CRS83585ENRpage63
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CRS83585ENRpage63
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be at least 50 miles-rand probably more~-from the low~sulfur mines.. Unemployed southern coal miners, both steamand metallurgical, wouldbbe much closer. FIGURE 11. Characteristics of West Virginia Coal I’.-..;.; L73 9 ~ n \ r ‘I '..u'-@.{.. I 1 V ;".\O|"'¥K ,l‘ - A I ‘ ._ ‘ IIAMML -I v :. : : , WESTERN LIMIIT or - ' ‘ " ‘ / - _ MlNA8LE<§gUMlrOl.13\ 2 .-S9&apos
CRS83585ENRpage67
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CRS83585ENRpage67
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. However, if the country were to take national responsibility for reducing S02 emissions, a broadrbased user fee on electricity‘generatedHcould be imposed to cover the capital costs of control technologies, involving only a small increase (generally under 5 percent) in electricity rates. A second possibility for lowered consumer rates is the emergence of new techr nologies such as LIMB, AFBC, and low
CRS83585ENRpage65
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underground coal miners might need considerable training to obtain jobs. Also, retraining does not mean that a job would be available. In some areas examined, the loss of asubstantial part of the area's basic industry, coal mining, might deprive the area of the vitality necessary to attract new in- dustry. However, unforeseen economic development by the 19903 might provide an unexpected range
CRS83585ENRpage62
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CRS~36 TABLE 45. Projection of Coal Harkets in 1990 Projection Actual EPA NW? State L980 L990 l99O Illinois ‘ A ~ 52.5 53.8 50.0 Indiana. 30.9 42.0 27.0 Western Kentucky 4L.O 62.3 42.Q Ohio - 39.4 36.9 44.0 Pennsylvaniaji 93.1 ll4.6 .93.0 Northern West Virginia 48.3 43.5 48.0 I ~roughly the same after implementation of the S02 reduction as before. '(Indeed, depending on the Btu content
CRS83585ENRpage60
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of Furnace l982 g 1985 1990 Basic Oxygen 62.0 62.4 62.4 Electric . 30.0 29.1. g 33.7 Open Hearth A 8.1 8.2 3.9 * Columns do not total because of rounding. Source: Data Resources, Inc. Honthly En- ergy Review, Spring 1983. « V For the export market, sluggish demand for steel by countries using U.S. metallurgical coal, technological improvements in coke utilization, and minor dis- placement of oil in iron
CRS83585ENRpage64
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by l0 million.tons by 1995, and steam coal production increase by 1.0 percent a year until l995, about 8,000 jobs would be created. 20/' Assumin that.ecid rain lecislation created demand for . - —— g ° 1i O 35 million tons, an additional 12,700 jobs would be created. This would absorb just about all the UMW miners unemployed in the northern miners. Hence; such legislation would unemployment
CRS83585ENRpage66
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res-so couciuszon If economic forces were allowed to work unhindered; enactment of an 8-million- ton S02 reduction program could have a dramatic effect on the coal industries in Illinois, western Kentucky, and Ohio. Production losses projected here could raise unemployment rates in the coalfproducing areas of these States by ll to 18 percent- age points, depending on the specific area. Even
CRS83585ENRpage68
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CRS83585ENRpage68
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impact of such legislation on the high-sulfur coal industry. The Congress may wish to consider this tradeoff between electricity rates and coal employment in deter‘ mining any implementation strategy for reducing S02 and NOX emissions{ 4 I
CRS83585ENRpage74
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an‘. L. .1.-... .L4;”;_‘—. L‘. 1.‘ ' .. 4- 33-‘ ” F j - cas-2 A - ' final scenario tends to favor fuel switching over FGD units because of cost, but includes some FGD because of various technical, contractual, and site- specific constraints to fuel switching. A "cost" issue which has not been addressed adequately is the impacts of such a billwon the coal industry in major coal
CRS83585ENRpage72
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in S Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 TABLE 3. Representative Annualized Costs of S02 Reduction Altajnatives 11‘ TABLE ‘A. Production Impacts of Various Acid Rain Scenarios . . . . . . 12 TABLE 5. Population Trends in Southern Illinoisn-I970-I981 . . . . . . 15 TABLE 6._ Employment and Unemployment for Sourthern Illinois August V1982 (preliminary
CRS83585ENRpage77
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FIGURE 2. Operating Coal Mines -- January 1978 CRS*S '\‘D EH15! WC! 1. , SYIKRWI I ifilfio 5.‘. _, - - I’ " ‘ an-0.». ' ML! \- ...-'... , ‘ ‘ . ‘ ogxago . nut :31 \ I ' ’ " I I u¢-:4--G ,4 I ; I I as. j - ‘ an-----¢. -0 _ . _ :J v-HIM! 7‘_.:‘.‘/-p._,._.-..-.1. : J - . I . _ ..-. . - a(.:- I ' ‘ ' .“__ ' - W ~"*_;-.-':- -.' . -..-::..-.&
CRS83585ENRpage73
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for various government agencies and interest groups have suggested that a "least-cost? mixture of FGD units and fuel‘ switching may occur which would minimize electricity rate increases. 2/ This 5 if See: Title I, Section 120 of S. 3041. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1982. Approved by the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, August 1982. Senate Report No. 97-666, 97th Cong., 2nd sess. ’ 3/ See
CRS83585ENRpage75
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CRS83585ENRpage75
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is the midwest, the traditional area for consumption of Illinois TABLE 1. shipments of Illinois Coal to Large (Over 25MW) Power Plants in 1979 STATE 0 3 6 . Tonnage Florida ’ 1 1,420,000 Georgia , 2,962,900 Illinois 4 _ 18,341,700 Indiana 6 9,317,900 Iowa ‘ 1,666,000 Kentucky 3 _ 539,800 Michigan ' 766,300 Minnesota 515,700 a Mississippi 260,500 Missouri 3 12,039,500 Tennessee 483,000 Wisconsin 3
CRS83585ENRpage76
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CRS83585ENRpage76
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