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CRS84635SPRpage18
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CRS84635SPRpage18
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evidence that it was necessary." [Power Engineering, August 1981, p. 48] In September 1983 FEMA regulations were amended so that each State which has a commercial nuclear power site within its boundaries, or is within the 10-mile EPZ, must participate in a joint exercise at least every two years. States within the 50-mile EPZ must exercise their plan once every five years. Theoretically, a utility
CRS84635SPRpage05
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CRS84635SPRpage05
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ASLB ASTPO CFR DBA DOE EPA EPZ FDA FEMA FRERP FY KI LILCO LPZ MOU Mw NRC ’ NUREG PAG PASNY CPAZ RERP RSS TMI CRS-iv ACRONYMS USED _Atomic Energy Commission Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Accident Source Term Program Office Code of Federal Regulations Design Basis Accident Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency Emergency Planning Zone Food and Drug Administration Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan g Fiscal Year Postassium Iodide Long Island Lighting Company Low population zone Memorandum of understanding Megawatt of electricity Nuclear Regulatory Commission Report series for NRC publications Protective action guide Port Authority of the State of New York Protective action zone C H Radiological emergency response plan Reactor Safety Study Three Mile Island
CRS84635SPRpage06
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CRS84635SPRpage06
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CRSfv CONTENTS ABSTR-ACTOOOOOIOOOIOIOOOOOOIOI0000000000COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO“OO0.0.9.990‘... i ARYOOOCOOOOIOOOOOCIIOOOOIOOOO0IOOOIIOOOOOOCOICOOOO000000000 USEDO0000000IOOIOCOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOIOO0COO0.000000000000000000000000 INTRODUCTIONCCOCOO00000OOOOOOOOOOO0O0000000COO0000000OOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOIOOO 1 THE EVOLUTION OF RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS..................... 2 The Concept
CRS84635SPRpage33
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CRS84635SPRpage33
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CRS-27 I think it's very hard for the NRC or the industry to prove that . . . high release sequences can be drastically reduced in probability. (Groundswell, June 1983.) The NRC regulatory staff continues to maintain that a spectrum of all possi- ble accidents must be considered for emergency planning, rather than just higher probability accidents. Thus, core melt accidents must be taken
CRS84635SPRpage08
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CRS84635SPRpage08
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CRS-2 The Kemeny Commission gave as its reason for the chaos: Emergency planning had a low priority in the NRC and the AEC [Atomic Energy Commission] before it. There is evidence that the reasons for this included their confidence in designed reactor safeguards and their desire to avoid raising public concern about the safety of nuclear power. l_§/ A Because of the lessons of TMI, Congress
CRS84635SPRpage30
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CRS84635SPRpage30
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until late 1984. Potassium Iodide Another change in emergency planning which is being considered involves the-stockpiling or predistribution of Potassium Iodide (KI) to mitigate initial consequences of the radioactive plume. The ability of blocking agents such as KI to prevent buildup of radioiodine in the thyroid has been known for over 25 years. In l978 the FDA authorized use of KI as a thyroid
CRS84635SPRpage01
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CRS84635SPRpage01
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I U’ 3 ‘l’ ‘ ‘ V . ‘*1 rd I , !. V;e;»-’.-.'\, ., A1’ ‘ & '3 F, 4.2”’ '; 84-635 SPR Congressional Research Service TheLibrary of Congress fie N .ae%%{ . e§a~ ; WEN M ‘WE W Pl T 6 «sew <3 “ NUCLEAR POWERPLANT EMERGENCY PLANNING: A REVIEW OF CURRENT ISSUES by Robert L. Beckman, Consultant Congressional Research Service Science Policy Research Division April 13, 1934
CRS84635SPRpage16
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CRS84635SPRpage16
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of the emergency. This last function might include taking control of the State's Emergency Broadcast System, sirens, and other public-alert systems. Emergency Planning Procedures and Standards The basic regulations for FEMA and NRC approval of site-specific emergency plans by State and local governments are contained in 44 CFR 350 and 10 CFR 50 (Appendix B), respectively. FEMA approves plans after: 1) one
CRS84635SPRpage02
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CRS84635SPRpage02
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ABSTRACT Controversy continues regarding the adequacy of emergency plans to protect the public in the event of a nuclear reactor accident and the role of State and local governments in emergency planning. This report, prepared under contract for CRS, reviews these issues.
CRS84635SPRpage04
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CRS84635SPRpage04
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CRS-iii The CR3 project manager for this work was Robert Civiak, Science Policy Research Division. Substantial guidance was also provided by Carl Behrens, Environment and Natural Resources Division.
CRS85731Spage04
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CRS85731Spage04
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I ..s.;. )4 u..\N «FIN
CRS85731Spage31
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CRS85731Spage31
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-uks-28 training for graduates of teacher education programs who are having difficul- ties in their early teaching experiences. These efforts have been publicized as a form of "guarantee" of the institutionfs product. Professional Responses For decades, teachers’ organizations have played a dominant role in moni- .toring teacher education programs. National organizations have been formed to accredit institutions, and States have utilized commissions consisting of pro- fessionals. This approach remains in use, but questions have arisen about the» capacity of these existing organizations and mechanisms to respond to the cur- Vrent concerns about the quality of teacher preparation programs and their ca- pacity to exercise quality control over their graduates. One of the problems, ‘is that membership in the national accreditation organizations is voluntary, and the lack of membership does not appear to have any punitive impact on an institution's graduates. In view of this condition, the adoption of higher uprogram accreditation standards for institutions would only affect those hold- ing membership in the national organizations. Some observers contend that State actions are the only effective means for reducing the number of institutions involved in teacher preparation; this position appears to have some credibility because the teaching profession and related organizations have been unable to convince public policy figures that teaching is a profession requiring specialized training as contrasted to re- quiring only a bachelor's degree in the teaching area. I The president of the AFT has indicated that the AFT would be prepared to deny membership to any new teacher who did not pass the proposed national teachers‘ examination and has called on the NEA to take the same position. Even though the NEA has begun to consider the merits of a national teachers
CRS87285EPWpage08
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CRS87285EPWpage08
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of Education: the Fiscal Year 1988 Budget: Summary and Background Information, Appendix B) shows approximately 100 programs or activities beyond the 17 dis- cussed in this report. From the current ED appropriation of $19.5 billion for FY 1987, $2.0 billion (10 percent) was appropriated for these 80 programs. The more significant appropriations among the 80 include $294 million for de- partmental management
CRS87285EPWpage10
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CRS87285EPWpage10
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103.2 1984 15,441,000 6.7 -16.9 111.1 107.4 1985 19,079,000 31.8 -1.4 118.0 111.4 1986 17,939,000 2/ 23.9 -10.6 124.7 114.7 1987 19,530,000 5/ 34.9 -6.0 128.5 118.1 1988 1 ,, request 0 14,050,000 -2.9 -35.6 133.1 122.3 1989 I 138.6 8 127.9 a/ The appendix describes adjustments for inflation.4 These adjustments use 558 deflators: the Implicit Deflator for State and Local Government Pur- chases
CRS87285EPWpage12
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CRS87285EPWpage12
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CRS-6 $1.3 billion, that fiscal year was nearly half completed when the newly elected Reagan Administration submitted a revised budget request. The largest addition over the requested amount was for FY 1983, $5.5 billion. t Table 2 shows two interim appropriations for FY 1986. The larger is 7$18.5 billion, the amount for ED programs that was originally provided (P.L. 99-178, December 12, 1985
CRS87285EPWpage09
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programs have increased since the establishment of ED in l980; appropriations are currently $19.5 billion for FY 1987, an increase of 34.9 percent from the FY 1980 funding level of $14.5 billion. However, the in- crease has not kept pace with the rate of inflation. When an adjustment is made for the change in the purchasing power of the dollar, funds for ED pro- grams have decreased by 6.0 percentsince
CRS87285EPWpage14
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CRS87285EPWpage14
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of awards have increased in the Pell Grant program, but students from families with income above $30,000 have been virtually eliminated. Participation and size of awards have remained relatively constant in the College Work Study program. V P 0 P Pal" Participation decreased by 2 percent, but the average size of awards increased by 19 percent, under the Perkins Loans program. A major administrative
CRS87285EPWpage16
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CRS87285EPWpage16
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CRS-10 The FY 1987 appropriation is described for each program, and comparison is madetwith the FY 1980 funding level. The FY 1987 amount is the funding provided through September 30, 1987, under an FY 198? continuing resolution (P.L. 99-soo).V The FY 1988 budget request for each of the 17 major programs is given, along with a sumary of the major legislative proposals indicated in the FY 1988
CRS87285EPWpage15
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CRS87285EPWpage15
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CRS-9 DESCRIPTION OF IMPACT STATEMENTS For each of the 17 major Federal assistance programs administered by EU, funding information is given in a standard table presentation, showing annual appropriations for FY 1980 through FY 1987, as well as the FY 1988 budget re- quest. These amounts are compared to the FY 1980 funding level for each pro- gram by two methodstl (1) the percentage change from
CRS87285EPWpage13
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CRS87285EPWpage13
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CRS-7 decreased, from 10.8 percent in FY 1980 to 8.2 percent in FY 1987. From 1966 through 1982, the Federal share of such expenditures variedbetween 10 and 12 percent. ED programs contribute a major part of the education funds from all Federal sources; for ED programs only, FY 1987 funds of $19.5 billion represent 7.0 percent of the $278.8 billion estimated total expenditures from all sources

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