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CRS84635SPRpage32
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properly reviewed in the technical community. Finally, _2/ U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Potential for Reduction in the Predicted Release of Radioactive Materials Following a Severe Nuclear Reactor Accident. Typed report by Robert L. Civiak. Mar. 21, 19830 pa .
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CRS84635SPRpage21
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philosophical as technical." The dispute began on September 17, 1979, when the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) filed a petition which sought the suspension of operation of Indian Point units #2 and #3 (#1 was shut down in October 1974) for, among other things, severe safety risks and the hazards to the surrounding population. (The Indian Point facility is about thirty miles north of Manhattan
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Plan was replaced, in April 1983, by the Planning Guidance, which was the next step in drafting a comprehensive Federal Radiological Emer- gency Response Plan (FRERP). The Planning Guidance, and the FRERP (Part 1) which followed in November 1983, covered any radiological incident that could significantly affect the public health and safety, and require a response by multiple Federal agencies. Both
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to emergency planning after March 1979 compelled the NRC to revitalize its radiological emergency planning procedures and better coordinate response procedures with FEMA. On December 16, 1980, the NRC and FEMA updated that year's MOU with another Memorandum that focused on the assistance that both the NRC and FEMA could provide to each other during a radiological response. A week later, FEMA.issued its
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CRS84635SPRpage38
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. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. o££., Dec. 1, 1978. NUREG-0396/EPA 520/1-78-016. ~-~--. Report to Congress on status of emergency response planning for nuclear power plants. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Mar. l98l. Various pagings. NUREG-0755. A % P -----. Safety goals for nuclear power plants: a discussion paper. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Feb., 1982. 33 p. NUREG~O880. Washington, Wargo, J. R. Supreme
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of any arrangement which not only infringes on their jurisdictions but which they believe avoids the central issue of ensuring public health and safety with allegedly ineffective emergency plans. As of April 1984, Senator Simpson's draftlegislation had, not be introduced.‘ The Nation's Governors have also expressed their concern about the growing problems surrounding emergency preparedness
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CRS-22 be likely.’ The enhanced attention to a PAZ would permit evacuation of essen- tially all persons living within two miles in approximately two hours. NRC analysis indicates that for the most severe category of accidents, the 2~hour time period is sufficient to avoid serious early health effects, though radiation doses to some people could not be avoided in all cases. The risk of significant
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CRS84635SPRpage03
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'CRS-ii PREFACE AND SUMMARY Financial and other problems have led to the cancellation of numerous nuclear powerplants over the past six years. Nevertheless, 85 nuclear plants are in operation in the United States and another 40 or so are still under active construction. Controversy continues about the safety of those nuclear powerplants, and in particular, the adequacy of emergency plans to protect the public in-the event of a nuclear reactor accident. The role of State and local governments in emergency planning is also being questioned. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is conducting several major studies to better evaluate the probability and the consequences of potential accidents. This work may lead to changes in the perception of the safety of nuclear power- plants and to modifications in emergency planning requirements. Pending the out- come of the long-term studies, Members of Congress and staff of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission are considering changes that they believe are necessary now to ensure that emergency plans to protect the public health and safety can be prepared, approved and effectuated. To assist the Congress in evaluating potential changes, the Congressional Research Services contracted with Dr. Robert Beckman to review the current state of emergency planning. .Dr.,Beckman's report describes the content and the bases for emergency planning requirements, explains the current standards and procedures, and discusses problems which have occurred in emergency planning. It also briefly reviews ongoing efforts within the Federal Government to change emergency plan- ning requirements.
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, on June 9, 1983, the NRC ruled 3-2 that sufficient improvements to emergency plans had been made to permit continued operations at Indian Point. In October, the ASLB, ruling on other issues in addition to emergency planning, found that Indian Point should be allowed to continue operation. The ASLB found, however, that several issues remained unresolved, and that the utilities should take special
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CRS-14x to the general use of internships for physicians; this additional requirement permits peers to determine if the aspiring physician possesses the qualities that do not lend themselves to objective paper and pencil examination such as psychomotor skills, history-taking, interpersonal qualities, responsibility, initiative, and attitudes toward long-term learning. 39/ In the medical
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to restore integrity to medical licensing process. News reports state that in recent years nearly all of the key tests required for medical licensing have been sold in advance, at prices up to $50,000 per copy. Reports also indicate 2;] Ibid. Eff Cram, Forbes, October 16, 1978, p. 147.
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ens-25 l98S, the 100 item multiple-choice examination was administered in a 4-hour session. In addition to the multiple-choice questions in mathematics and read- ing, the teachers‘were required to complete a 200 word writing exercise in the iform of a letter to a parent or a recommendation for a pupil to receive an award. Teachers will have a total of five opportunities to pass the test by-1987
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's schools occur with some regularity. The educational efficiency movement appeared in the 1920s; curriculum reform movements gained national attention in the 1950s; and one of the major focuses of the reform reports in the 1980s has been on the need to improve the quality of the Nation's teachers. fThis latter concern has contributed to the current interest in 0 using standardized teacher competency
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knowledge, but also a set of professional skills that are difficult, if not impossible, to measure through an objective examination. 2/ 12/ Smith, G. Pritchy. The Critical Issue of Excellence and Equity in Competency Testing. Journal of Teacher Education, March-April 1984. XXXV: 2.
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with "new" teachers, pass a basic, skills test to determine whether or not they may keep their jobs. In March 39/ Euchner, Charlie. Survey Shows 30 States Have Adopted Teacher- Competency Tests. Education Week. February 15, 1984; ‘p. 12; Virginia School Board Agrees to Begin Testing Teacher Candidates in '86. Washington Post, June 23, 1984. p. B2; [and] Lines, Patricia M. Testing
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the supply; will the classes not be offered; will the number of students be increased in §Z/ Summary of the Requirements for Engineering Registration . . . . pp. 1-3.
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CRS-33 10. Would the "teacher-less" classrooms be staffed with substandard or "emergency" teachers, or would methods of instruction, staff- ing patterns,’and teacher roles he changed in a manner that would result in basic changes from the current system for de- livering education? FEDERAL OPTIONS %Federal options range from "no action" to full support
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heavily on the judgment of the facul- ties in the medical schools and also on the Liaison Committee on Medical Educa- tion (the accrediting agency for medical schools) to determine if the medical school and its faculty meet the quality standards associated with accreditation. 31] Q «PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS 0 Various procedural issues remain to be resolved concerning the develop- ment.of a national teacher
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Bar Exam. New York Times, February 19, 1983. p. 23; [and] Krivosha, Norman. Bar Examinations Revisited or "Thank You, Mr. Ronwin, For All Your Help." The Bar Examiner, August 1984. p. 9. ' . fig] Scott, Lowell K. The Effects of Commercial Coaching For the NBME Part I Examination. Journal of Medical Education, September 1980. 55:733-740.
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