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CRS84635SPRpage10
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CRS84635SPRpage10
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. Accordingly, in 1976 an EPA/NRC Task Force met to provide clearer definition of the types of radiological accidents for which State and local governments should prepare emergency plans. The Task Force Report, NUREG-0396, contained "Planning Basis” guidance for officials. Planning Basis vNUREG~O396 defines the Planning Sasis as "guidance in terms of(1) size of planning area (distance); (2) time
CRS84635SPRpage12
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CRS84635SPRpage12
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CRS-6 low-consequence accidents postulated for purposes of evaluating plant design. More serious Class 9 accidents include those leading to either partial or total core melt, accompanied by some failure of the containment vessel). Two predominant exposure pathways were identified--direct exposure and ingestion-—along with the size of the EPZs for each: (1) 10-mile Zone: In order to avoid gamma
CRS84635SPRpage37
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CRS84635SPRpage37
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. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Oct., 1979. 201 p. (Kemeny Commission Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.f Manual of protective action guides and protective actions for nuclear incidents. Sept., 1975 (Revised June 1980). Various pagings. EPA-520/1-75-001. U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Planning guidance for the prepara- tion of the Federal radiological emergency response plan
CRS84635SPRpage36
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CRS84635SPRpage36
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planning. There have also been efforts in Congress to answer some of the financial concerns that have been voiced by governments which must expend increasing amounts to bring their state of preparedness up to standards. The Radiological Emergency Response Planning and Assistance Act of 1983 (S. 1395/Moynihan) would provide direct Federal financial assistance to State and local governments for emergency
CRS84635SPRpage22
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CRS84635SPRpage22
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Point independently of the hearings. FEMA in March 198i had found major and minor deficiencies in 14 of 25 emergency planning categories. FEMA's second warning to the owners of Indian Point failed to achieve the requisite upgrading of plans. Two major deficiencies were identified by FEMA: (1) lack of evacuation transportation in Westchester, County; and C2) Rockland County's withdrawal from
CRS84635SPRpage32
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CRS84635SPRpage32
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properly reviewed in the technical community. Finally, _2/ U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Potential for Reduction in the Predicted Release of Radioactive Materials Following a Severe Nuclear Reactor Accident. Typed report by Robert L. Civiak. Mar. 21, 19830 pa .
CRS84635SPRpage21
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CRS84635SPRpage21
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philosophical as technical." The dispute began on September 17, 1979, when the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) filed a petition which sought the suspension of operation of Indian Point units #2 and #3 (#1 was shut down in October 1974) for, among other things, severe safety risks and the hazards to the surrounding population. (The Indian Point facility is about thirty miles north of Manhattan
CRS84635SPRpage20
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CRS84635SPRpage20
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Plan was replaced, in April 1983, by the Planning Guidance, which was the next step in drafting a comprehensive Federal Radiological Emer- gency Response Plan (FRERP). The Planning Guidance, and the FRERP (Part 1) which followed in November 1983, covered any radiological incident that could significantly affect the public health and safety, and require a response by multiple Federal agencies. Both
CRS84635SPRpage19
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CRS84635SPRpage19
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to emergency planning after March 1979 compelled the NRC to revitalize its radiological emergency planning procedures and better coordinate response procedures with FEMA. On December 16, 1980, the NRC and FEMA updated that year's MOU with another Memorandum that focused on the assistance that both the NRC and FEMA could provide to each other during a radiological response. A week later, FEMA.issued its
CRS84635SPRpage38
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CRS84635SPRpage38
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. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. o££., Dec. 1, 1978. NUREG-0396/EPA 520/1-78-016. ~-~--. Report to Congress on status of emergency response planning for nuclear power plants. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Mar. l98l. Various pagings. NUREG-0755. A % P -----. Safety goals for nuclear power plants: a discussion paper. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Feb., 1982. 33 p. NUREG~O880. Washington, Wargo, J. R. Supreme
CRS84635SPRpage35
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CRS84635SPRpage35
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of any arrangement which not only infringes on their jurisdictions but which they believe avoids the central issue of ensuring public health and safety with allegedly ineffective emergency plans. As of April 1984, Senator Simpson's draftlegislation had, not be introduced.‘ The Nation's Governors have also expressed their concern about the growing problems surrounding emergency preparedness
CRS84635SPRpage28
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CRS84635SPRpage28
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CRS-22 be likely.’ The enhanced attention to a PAZ would permit evacuation of essen- tially all persons living within two miles in approximately two hours. NRC analysis indicates that for the most severe category of accidents, the 2~hour time period is sufficient to avoid serious early health effects, though radiation doses to some people could not be avoided in all cases. The risk of significant
CRS84635SPRpage03
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CRS84635SPRpage03
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'CRS-ii PREFACE AND SUMMARY Financial and other problems have led to the cancellation of numerous nuclear powerplants over the past six years. Nevertheless, 85 nuclear plants are in operation in the United States and another 40 or so are still under active construction. Controversy continues about the safety of those nuclear powerplants, and in particular, the adequacy of emergency plans to protect the public in-the event of a nuclear reactor accident. The role of State and local governments in emergency planning is also being questioned. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is conducting several major studies to better evaluate the probability and the consequences of potential accidents. This work may lead to changes in the perception of the safety of nuclear power- plants and to modifications in emergency planning requirements. Pending the out- come of the long-term studies, Members of Congress and staff of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission are considering changes that they believe are necessary now to ensure that emergency plans to protect the public health and safety can be prepared, approved and effectuated. To assist the Congress in evaluating potential changes, the Congressional Research Services contracted with Dr. Robert Beckman to review the current state of emergency planning. .Dr.,Beckman's report describes the content and the bases for emergency planning requirements, explains the current standards and procedures, and discusses problems which have occurred in emergency planning. It also briefly reviews ongoing efforts within the Federal Government to change emergency plan- ning requirements.
CRS84635SPRpage23
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CRS84635SPRpage23
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, on June 9, 1983, the NRC ruled 3-2 that sufficient improvements to emergency plans had been made to permit continued operations at Indian Point. In October, the ASLB, ruling on other issues in addition to emergency planning, found that Indian Point should be allowed to continue operation. The ASLB found, however, that several issues remained unresolved, and that the utilities should take special
CRS84635SPRpage11
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CRS84635SPRpage11
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. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 198 p. plus 11 appendices in 6 vols. Commonly called the Rasmussen Report.
CRS85731Spage18
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CRS85731Spage18
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CRS-14x to the general use of internships for physicians; this additional requirement permits peers to determine if the aspiring physician possesses the qualities that do not lend themselves to objective paper and pencil examination such as psychomotor skills, history-taking, interpersonal qualities, responsibility, initiative, and attitudes toward long-term learning. 39/ In the medical
CRS85731Spage20
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CRS85731Spage20
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to restore integrity to medical licensing process. News reports state that in recent years nearly all of the key tests required for medical licensing have been sold in advance, at prices up to $50,000 per copy. Reports also indicate 2;] Ibid. Eff Cram, Forbes, October 16, 1978, p. 147.
CRS85731Spage29
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CRS85731Spage29
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ens-25 l98S, the 100 item multiple-choice examination was administered in a 4-hour session. In addition to the multiple-choice questions in mathematics and read- ing, the teachers‘were required to complete a 200 word writing exercise in the iform of a letter to a parent or a recommendation for a pupil to receive an award. Teachers will have a total of five opportunities to pass the test by-1987
CRS85731Spage05
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CRS85731Spage05
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's schools occur with some regularity. The educational efficiency movement appeared in the 1920s; curriculum reform movements gained national attention in the 1950s; and one of the major focuses of the reform reports in the 1980s has been on the need to improve the quality of the Nation's teachers. fThis latter concern has contributed to the current interest in 0 using standardized teacher competency
CRS85731Spage10
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CRS85731Spage10
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knowledge, but also a set of professional skills that are difficult, if not impossible, to measure through an objective examination. 2/ 12/ Smith, G. Pritchy. The Critical Issue of Excellence and Equity in Competency Testing. Journal of Teacher Education, March-April 1984. XXXV: 2.

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