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CRS85-517ENRp069
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CRS85-517ENRp069
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delegated authority for the public water sys- tem program to 52 States and territories since 1974, but as recently as 1982 the General Accounting Office found reports of some 146,000 annual violations of drinking water standards. Should the Safe Drinking Water Act play a more prominent role in ground- water protection? Although the Safe Drinking Water Act has provisions to protect groundwater, many
CRS85-517ENRp071
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CRS85-517ENRp071
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CRS-56 ll. GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND PROTECTION Issue Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water for nearly 115' million Americans-half the population. Public concern for the protection of this resource is growing as more and more cases of groundwater contamina- tion by man-made and natural toxic chemicals are being discovered in all 50 States. A variety of Federal, State
CRS85-517ENRp072
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CRS85-517ENRp072
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of a national monitoring effort, experts believe that only 1-32 of the Nation's groundwater may be contaminated. Nevertheless, a 1981 random survey by EPA of 945 public water supplies drawing on groundwater found the presence of volatile organic chemicals in 17% of the small systems sampled (less than 10,000 population) and in 29% of the larger systems. A key issue is how best to protect the Nation
CRS85-517ENRp068
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CRS85-517ENRp068
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Water Act was enacted in 1974, it has been revised twice, in 1977 (P.L. 95-190) and 1980 (P.L. 96-502). Although these "fine-tuning" amendments are perceived to have improved the Act, a number of implementation difficulties have emerged, particularly the ability of the Act to control organic chemicals from entering water supplies and to protect underground sources of drinking water
CRS85-517ENRp070
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CRS85-517ENRp070
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, 1982. March 3, 1982. 22 p. (CED-82-43). U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Safe drink- ing water, by Donald V. Feliciano. IB 83006 (updated regularly). . Underground injection of wastes, by Donald V. Feliciano ‘.‘..'?".€ ' g r 33 3Ja;3 tdpdated :agulsrL7}.
CRS85-517ENRp077
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CRS85-517ENRp077
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and spill cleanup programs, cases of cases of groundwater contamination from tank leaks have occurred, and the liability by some of these companies has at times exceeded tens of millions of dollars. References U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Leaking underground storage tanks: a potential environmental problem. Report No. 84-508 ENR, by Donald V. Feliciano. Washington, 1984. 18 p
CRS85-517ENRp073
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CRS85-517ENRp073
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policy; fifty-fifth report. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. 132 p. (98th Congress, 2d Session. House. Report No. 98-1136). U.S. Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Groundwater contamination and protection, by Donald V. Feliciano. IB 83091. (updated regularly). _. Groundwater: what it is, and how it is being protected. Report No. 84-15 ENR, by Donald V. Feliciano
CRS85-517ENRp076
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CRS85-517ENRp076
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. An unknown number of active and abandoned tanks store chemicals and chemical wastes. Of the gasoline tanks, an estimated 1.2 million are made of steel with little or no corrosion protection, less than 25,000 are steel tanks cathodically protected against corrosion, and about 100,000 are made of fiberglass. Some petroleum experts believe that between 75,000 and 100,000 of the unprotected steel tanks
CRS85-517ENRp078
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CRS85-517ENRp078
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CRS-63 12. OIL POLLUTION LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION Issue For almost a decade, Congress has attempted to adopt liability and com- pensation provisions covering oil pollution incidents. Currently, there are numerous International, Federal and State arrangements, but nothing compre- hensive enough to cover all situations equitably, according to many observers. The 99th Congress may once again
CRS85-517ENRp074
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CRS85-517ENRp074
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has been lacking, according to several recent studies. One survey conducted for EPA between May 1982 and Janaury 1983 of 189 facilities found that 109, or 64%, of the facilities were not in compliance with the requirements. A more recent EPA survey of 211 sites with monitor wells found 173, or 82%, of the sites out of compliance. A 1984 General Accounting Office report indicated, in two States
CRS85-517ENRp075
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CRS85-517ENRp075
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. ‘Inspection, enforcement, and permitting ,activities at New Jersey and Tennessee hazardous waste facilities. Washington, 1984. June 22, 1984. (GAO/RCED-84-7.) Shabecoff, Philip. Toxic threat seen to water supplies. New York Times, October 24, 1984: 1, B13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Memorandum on enforcement of groundwater monitoring requirements. From Gene A. Lucero, Director of the Office
CRS85-517ENRp082
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CRS85-517ENRp082
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CRS-67 Industrial dumpers responded most favorably with the amount of indus- trial waste ocean disposed falling 94 percent from 1973 to 1983. But the amount of sewage sludges disposed increased 70 percent during the same period. Almost no dent was made in the volume of dredged spoils disposed in the ocean, an amount which varies with the number of navigational projects authorized. 9 Several
CRS85-517ENRp086
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CRS85-517ENRp086
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- duced in 1983 and 1984. Hearings were held by House and Senate committees, more than a dozen bills were passed by one House or the other, and four ad- ditional measures affecting infrastructure were passed. Among the congressional
CRS85-517ENRp085
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CRS85-517ENRp085
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CRS-70 14. INFRASTRUCTURE Issue Over the last several years there has been growing belief that economic renewal should be a prime focus of domestic policy now and in the future, and that economic renewal is inextricably linked to the state of the Nation's public infrastructure. Infrastructure is the Nation's capital plant of water supply and sewer systems, highways, bridges, mass
CRS85-517ENRp079
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CRS85-517ENRp079
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liability and compensa- tion statute, numerous individual mechanisms have been adopted for particular activities. Since 1975 Congress has considered proposals to enact a compre- hensive law, and has passed legislation, but has not been able to enact final provisions. Although from 1975 both Republican and Democratic Administrations had favored on comprehensive oil spill legislation, in 1981 the Reagan
CRS85-517ENRp083
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CRS85-517ENRp083
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CRS-68 potential use of the oceans for disposing a wider variety of toxic materials. Two such possibilities are incinerating highly toxic wastes at sea and disposing of low level nuclear wastes. EPA anticipates releasing criteria for at sea incineration in early 1985 and allowing regular commercial operations thereafter. Many feel there are major unanswered questions about this operation left
CRS85-517ENRp081
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CRS85-517ENRp081
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CRS-66 13. OCEAN DUMPINC AND INCINERATION Issue A continuing congressional issue is the extent to which the ocean en- vironment should be used for disposing wastes. Although Congress in the 1972 Ocean Dumping Act adopted a policy which strictly limited or prohibited ocean dumping, the volume of materials disposed in the oceans has not decreased. Not only is there concern over the continuing use
CRS85-517ENRp080
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CRS85-517ENRp080
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.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Oil pollution liability and compensation. MMB 84219. 6 p. U.S. General Accounting Office. International oil pollution: current and alternative liability and compensation arrangements affecting the United States. Washington, U.S. GAO. Feb. 3, 1983, 26 p.
CRS85-517ENRp084
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CRS85-517ENRp084
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CRS-69 No doubt the 99th Congress will continue to debate the issue of ocean dumping as the volume of sludges continues to grow and renewed interest continues in further use of the oceans for waste disposal.. References U.S. National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere. The role of ocean in a waste management strategy. Washington, GPO. January 1981. 103 p. U.S. National Oceanic
CRS85-517ENRp091
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CRS85-517ENRp091
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of EPA's operating water, etc.) programs, which were targeted for reductions three budget presentations. The other two major budget com- uction Grants and Superfund, were not scheduled for reductions. appropriations for FY83, FY84 and FY85, Congress added on ration's request with the result that the current FY85 year am of $1.3 billion remains at the FY81 level. Construction ained at $2

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