568

AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, AND

I--I-IL— , ““:£:,

(

:u_

open occasionally. Sometimes a small lead-
en pipe is placed over the other, communi-
cating with it in several places, in which is a
cock at top, to open upon occasion.

16. When any work is to be performed by
a water-wheel moved by the water running
under it, and striking the paddles or laddle
boards, (fig. 3,) the channel it moves in ought
to be something wider _than the hole of the
adjutage, an_d”'so close to the floats on every
side, as to let little or no water pass; and
when past the wheel, to open a little, that the
water may spread. It is of no advantage to
have a great number of floats or paddles, for
those past the perpendicular are resisted‘ by
the back water, and those before it are struck
obliquely. The greatest effect that such a
wheel can perform, in communicating any
motion, is when the paddles of the wheel
move with § the velocity of the water; in

0 which case, the force upon the paddles is

g only, supposing the absolute force of the

water against the paddles, when the wheel.

stands still, to be 1. So that the utmost mo-
tion which the wheel can generate, is but -21‘,
of that which the force of the water against
the paddles at rest would produce. This is
when thewheel is at the best; but, often-
times, far less is done. , _.

Machines to raise vw+er, when well made,
seldom lose less than  the computed quan-
tity of water to be raised. The best con-
trived engine is scarce  part better than the
worst contrived engine, when they are equal-
ly well executed. ’

A man with the best water engine cannot
raise above one hogshead of water in a ini-
nute, 10 feet high, to work all day.

17. VVhen a weight is to be raised with a
given corporeal power, by means of the
wheel and axle, so that the weight may re-
ceive the greatest motion possible in a given
time, the radius of the wheel and axle, and
the weight to be raised, ought to be so ad-
justed, that the radius of the axle  :
(fig. 4) may be to the radius ofthe wheel
(AB) : : as {g the power (P) : to the weight

tism which leads the people to take a deep in-
terest in the affairs of their government.

Through the attention of the comptroller of
public accounts, we have been furnished with
the following highly interesting statistics. - It
would be both gratifying and useful, would
some one or more individuals in each state fur-
nish similar tables. There certainly can be no
great difliculty in obtaining them, and the labor
that they might cost would be more than coin-
pensated by th‘e information they would afford.

Statistics of Connecticut for the year 1832.
The following is a brief abstract of the vari-
ous subjects of taxation, as returned by the as-
sessors, for March, 1832:
45,852 dwelling houses, valued $21,948,740
2,622,676 acres of land 50,782,455
1,572 mills 843,511
1,826 stores 146,784
283 distilleries - 54,052
1,521 inanufactories 1,637,149
25 quarries 38,350
183 fisheries 98,625
1 ferry - 200
34,250 horses, (inc. 1,290,694
237,989 neat cattle - 3,347,667

- us

271,625 sheep - -, - 333,657
' Silver plate - - 10,614
5,196 riding carriages - - 238,797

22,893 clocks and watches - 174,843

Bank stocks, state banks
<Do. United States Bank
Insurance stock

3,143,736
17,880
58,642

Turnpike do. - - 157,362
Money at interest - 2,087,976
. Three folds - - _ 17,679
Assessments .. - 147,683
Polls - - . _ 689,315

$88,592,388
Of receipts and disbursements.
There was received at the treasury during the
year ending the,31st of March, 1833-—
Viz. From interest on U. 8. three

per cents. $1.382
Tax on non-resident owners of

bank stock 2,817
Avails of. State Prison 5,000

Dividend of bank stock owned by

the state 25,670
Fines and miscellaneous receipts 7,448 .
State tax , 37,984

80,302

to be raised  :or, which comes to the
same thing, the velocity gained by the power

in descending’ must be § of the velocity which ,

would be gained by gravity in the same time.

This only holds good when the power is a
heavy body, as well as the weight; but does
not take place when the power is some iin-
material active force, such as that of an
elastic medium, the strength of a spring, &c.,
whose weight is inconsiderable.

18. These principles, also, are vei-y useful
and necessary to be known, 'l1.’lL87'(3’l(.‘(lI‘!_—?7‘-'l1:0'I‘h'S
are concerned.

The pressure of the atmosphere upon a
square inch is 14.7 lbs. avoird. at a medium.

The weight of a column of water, equal
to the weight of the atmosphere, is 11;‘, yards.

A cubic foot of water weighs 62% lbs. avoir.
and contains 6.128 ale gallons.

An ale gallon of water contains 282 niches,
and weighs 10.2 lbs. acoircl.

A tun of water, ale measure, weighs 1.1
tun rw0ii'cl., at 63 gallons the hogshead.

A cylinder of water a yard high, and (l
inches in diameter, contains 7% cld ale gal-
lons, and weighs 3% dd pounds avoird.

Sri.'i~Is'rIcs or CONNECTICUT.——-Tile follow.
ing article, from the Hartford Times, shows
thatpthe people of Connecticut must have pret-
ty easy times. This freedom from taxation
does not however always increase that patrio.

The disbursements were—-- ,
Viz. For ordinaryexpenses of gov-

ernment 60,852
For public buildings and institu-
i, tions 10,774 V 4
71,626

 

Of the eazpeiises ofg-overnmeng_

ainoiuit of interest. distributed for that year was
$81,939 40, being ninety-five cents for each of
those persons, and equal to 28 cents for every
inhabitant. Thus, wliiletlie state was distri-
buting for the benefit of schools a sum equal
to 28 cents for each person in it, the ordinary
expenses of the government required of them
only a ratio of contribution less than 6 cents
and 3 mills. . ‘

LIME NECESSARY FOR. WimA'r.——It is an opi.
nion very generally acquiesced in, that wheat
will not succeed on lands that are entirelydes-
titute of this earth. In most agricultural dis.
tricts that are not calcareous, a small quantity
of lime is in various ways carried upon the

tubs, etc. These farmers who use leached
ashes, lime their soil with the lime in the ash-
es. We give the following from “ Aiulerson’s
I{6C7’€(ll'l07l8,” a work highly esteemed in Eu-
rope : -

“I had a field of good arable land, a mellow
loam in Aberdcenshirc, which had been long in
culture, often dressed with animal and vegeta-
ble nianures, and was of course endowed with a
considerable degree of fertility ; but being full
of weeds, it was subjected to a thorough sum-

mer fallow in order to get rid of these, and bring 4

it to a proper tilth in other respects; and as
lime is found to be an active manure in that dis-
trict, it had a moderate dressing of lime put
upon, it, andsome dung at the same time. The
wliolefield was sown with wheat at the proper
season, which sprang up equally thick on eve-
ry part of it. For some time no difference was
perceivable in the appearance of the crop over
the whole ; by and by it was observed that the
wheat. on a small portion of the tield, which by
accident had no lime put upon it, became pale
and sickly. \Vhile the crop in other parts of
the field advanced‘ luxuriantly, it dwindledtin
this particular patch more and more, till to-
wards the beginning of May the whole had
died quite out, and not one stalk of wheat was
to be found upon it, though the weeds in con-
sequence of the richness of the soil at that
time grew there with extremeluxuriance. Per-
haps the proportion of calcareous matter did
not in this case amount to more than one-_tliou-‘
S:ll1C1l’.l'1 part of the whole, yet the qualities of
this soil were thereby totally altered, inasmuch
that though before the application of that dres-
sing the soil was incapable of producing wheat
at all, it was found at all times after that'per1-
od well adapted for the raising of that crop.
Nature had formed many soils with a‘ similar
proportion of calcareous matter, bl_end_ed ini-
perceptibly in them over large districts of
land.

The population of the state by the last cen-
sus. was 297,711, and the ordinary expense of
the government was $60,852; being a propor-
tionate expense of twenty cents and a half for
each inhabitant. But. the state, during this
time, received $28,053 interest on her three
per cent. stock and dividends on bank stock;
$12,446 from the state prison, fortcitures, fines,
disc. and $2,817 for taxes on bank stock owned
by non-residents; all H.lIl0Lll1l’.lYlg"t0'$4-2,316;
which being deducted from the ordinary expen-
ses of government, left the sum of ‘$18,536 to
be paid from direct taxes.

This balance of $18,536 would require a con-
tribution by each inhabitant of the state of less
than six cents and three mills, and a tax less
than three tenths of a mill on each dollar of valu-
ation and assessment returned by the assessor.
Of the School Fund.
The whole capital of this fund, productive
and unproductive, was reported by the coininis-
sioner in_ 1832, to be $1,902,957 87. The iii-
terest arising from it is irrevocably (lc(lic:it,cd
by the constitution to the support of primary
schools, and by law is apportioned to them, ac’.
cordingpto the ratio of ' persons between four
and sixteen years of age belonging‘ to the res-
pective school societies. The Whole number

of those persons in 1882 was 86,252; and the

Notes on ilfilrlew, from (L Lecture on that Sub-
ject, by Professor Li/icllcy, delivered at the
Ilor/.i'ci1,Zlm'(zl Soci'cl_1/’s M'cet;i7ig Room, on
the 24th of April. By J. VV. L. [From
Loudon’s Gardeiiei"s Magazine.]

Dr. Liiidley began by stating that he

did not intend, on the present occasion, to
give a regular series of lectures, as that plan
required his hearers to attend the whole
course, which very few individuals had lei-
sure to do. He, therefore, now proposed
to take a different subject for every lecture,
and to make each complete in itself. gHis
first subject was mildew.

Every liorticultiirist has heard of niildevv :-
and, though it is often confounded with
blight, honey-dew, &c., the destructive fungi.
which constitute the real mildew, and the
ravages they occasion, are unfortunately but
too familiar t.o every one accustomed to either‘
a garden or a field. Notwithstanding this:

even the most cininciit horticulturists,know_

comparatively little either of the nature of
this pest, or old. its uiire. One most iilnpor-'
taut error exists i‘espectin'g,it, and this is the‘
belief, common among gardeners and agricul-

soil by bones, shells, einptyings of white-wash 1