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Title: Carte De La Rade De Benguella et Riviere De Cantonbelle (1749)
Date: 1749-01-01
Summary: This is a copper engraved map of Benguella in modern day Angola printed in 1749 Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. Bellin was a famous 18th century mapmaker who focused mainly on nautical and coastal maps. This map is titled Carte De La Rade De Benguella et Riviere De Cantonbelle, which is translated to Map of the Roadstead of Benguella and the Cantonbelle River. A shows Endroit de la Riviere de Cantonbelle ou les Chaloupes vont faire de l'eau, which roughly translated to The Place of the Cantonbelle River or where the Sloops are able to travel by water. B shows Bras de Mer ou il y a quanlite de Caymans et de Baeufs Marins, which roughly translated to Inlet or the Bay of Caymans and Bay of oxen. The units shown are Une Lieue Marine de France et d'Angleterre or a Marine League of France and England. The map shows Ville de Benguella (Benguela) including Petit Fortin Ruine (Ruins of the Little Fort) and F. S. Philippe (Forte de São Filipe de Benguela) as well as Village de Negres (?), and F. Kabuto (?). In F. Kabuto, it says Les Anglois marquent ici apres Mr. Delisle le Fort de Kabuto je ne scan sur quel sondement which roughly translates into The English and Mr. Delisle mark Fort Kabuto Here and I put it in based on them.

Title: Insula Puna (1603): "Puna Island"
Summary: Map showing Isla Puna off present-day Ecuador. Europeans and Native Americans fight using guns or muskets. Settlement of dwellings and a church and boats being burned are seen in the background. There are ships and boats between the Island and the mainland. On the Mainland, Europeans attack Native Americans a who run away carrying a litter with someone inside it. The Cartographer, Levinus Hulsius, was a German writer who compiled an extensive collection of accounts of explorers' voyages published, ultimately, in twenty-six parts.

Title: Amerique Meridionale (1812): South America (1812)
Summary: Map showing the whole South American Continent. The map is filled with a lot of geographic details concerning place names, rivers, lakes, mountains, and islands. The title is engraved inside a volcano. Cities on this map include: Natal, Paraiba (Paraíba), N. S. de Conceicao, Olinda de Fernambue, Peneda (Penedo), Sergipe del Rey, St. Salvador ou Bahia (Salvador), Villa do Ice, Joazeiro, Rio das Contas, Rio Grande, Ipoeira, St. George de Ilheos (Ilhéus), S. Antoine, S. Anna, Tapiracaba, Porto Seguro, Villa Boa, Arayal de Parucatu, S. Mathieu (São Mateus), Minas Novas, Villa do Principe (Serro), Espiritu Santo, Pitang, Sabara (Sabará), Guyate, Garipari, St. Joao del Rey (São João del Rei), Rio Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro), S. Paul (São Paulo), Paragua, S. Miguel (São Miguel), Villanova, Os Conventos, Taramandi, Viamao (Viamão), Bujuru, S. Pedro de R. Grande (Rio Grande), S. Borja (São Borja), S. Angelo (Santo Ângelo), S. Ignacio, Santa Anna, Cubacao, Villa Bella (Matto Grosso), Cuyaba (Cuiabá), Amarante, Resisto da Insua, S. Patricio (São Patrício), Crisa (Crixás), Lopes, Guarine, Villanova, Arcay, S. Felix (São Félix do Araguaia), Oeiras, S. Pedro, Aldeas Atlas (Aldeias Altas), Urubin, Natividade, Matanca (Matança), Casa Forte, S. Lorenco, Almeida, Anauhirahi, Cabexis, Des Incamento das Pedras, Fortalezza, Real ou Arrayal, Poyocao Nova, Olivenca (São Paulo de Olivença), Ega, Thomar, Barcellos (Barcelos), Moura, Forter. de Rio Negro (Manaus), Serpa (Itacoatiara), Ovidos (Óbidos), Santarem (Santarém), Almeirim, Pombal, Camota, Fragoso, Gurupa (Gurupá), Macapa (Macapá ), Mondim, Belem ou Gram Para (Belém), Ouren, Jozelea, Branganca (Bragança), Tapitapera, Joze, Aldea G., Piracunica (Piracuruca), Villa Vicosa (Viçosa do Ceará), Parnaiba (Parnaíba), Camosin (Camocim), Seara ou S. Joze de Ribamar (Fortaleza), Est Mayez, and Aracati, Brazil, Mangrullo, F. S. Therese (Fortaleza de Santa Teresa), Monte Video (Montevideo), and El Sacramento (Colonia del Sacramento), Uruguay, Yapeyn (Yapeyú), S. Baromben (Samborombon), Buenos Ayres (Buenos Aires), Areco (San Antonio de Areco), S. Sebastien (San Sebastián), Pergamino, S. Louis (San Luis), Mendosa (Mendoza), S. Juan (San Juan), Mercedes (Villa Mercedes), S. Augustin, Cordoue (Córdoba), Barada, Sta. Fe (Santa Fe), S. Lucie (Santa Lucía), Andrade, Zumampa, Santiago del Estero, S. F. de Catamarca (San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca), Vagna, St. Juan, Rioja la nueva Simbolan (La Rioja), S. Miguel de Tucaman (San Miguel de Tucumán), S. Joseph de Petacas, Corrientes, Candeturia, Paleipas, Malayas, Tala (El Tala), S. Felipe el Real de Salta (Salta), S. Sumen, S. S. Jujuy (San Salvador de Jujuy), and Calchaqui (Calchaquí), Argentina, Castro, S. Xavier, Osorno, Villarica (Villarrica), La Mocha (Valle de la Mocha), Valdivia, Sta. Fe, P. Rumena, La Concepcion (Concepción), Chillan (Chillán), St. Fernando (San Fernando), Astillero, Santiago, Legrone, Valparyso (Valparaíso), Quillota, S. Felipe Real (San Felipe), Mincha, La Serena, Huasco, Copiapo (Copiapó), Bas Chaco, Peine, Tarapaca (Tarapacá), Arica, and S. F. de la Selva, Chile, Ncembuen (Ñeembucú), S. Ignacio aband, Conception (Concepción), and Assomption (Asunción), Paraguay, Potosi (Potosí), La Plata (Sucre), Temina (Tomina), Pilaya, Cinti, Cotagayta (Santiago de Cotagaita), S. J. Baptiste, Plaine, S. Ana (Santa Ana de Velasco), S. Xavier (San Javier), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, S. Ignacio (San Ignacio de Velasco), Cochabamba, Oruro, Cicacica (Sica Sica), S. Nicolas (San Nicolás), Conception (Concepción), and La Paz, Bolivia, Tacna, Ililo (Ilo), Ica, Palpu (Palpa), Pausa, Camana (Camaná), Arequipa, Chucuyto (Chucuito), Sandia, Apolobamba, Challuanca (Chalhuanca), Chinchero (Chincheros), Abancay, Cuzco (Cusco), Xaura, Guancabelica (Huancavelica), Pisco, Canete (San Vicente de Cañete), Lima, Chancay, Huaillano, Guanuca, Truxillo (Trujillo), Caxamarquilla (Cajamarquilla), Caxamarca (Cajamarca), Sana, St. Antoine, Jaen (Jaén), Payta (Paita), S. Yago, Omagua, and Uraninas, Peru, Loja, Cuenca, Guayaquil, Macas ou Seville del Oro, Quito, S. Joseph de Huates, and S. Miguel, Ecuador, Ste. Foi, S. Paul, Pt. S. Louis, Casari, and Cayenne, French Guyana, Paramribo, Suriname, Stabrook (Georgetown) and Nle. Amsterdam (New Amsterdam) Guyana, Caroni, Thoina, Real Corona, Esmerelda, Cabiula, S. Carlos, Il d'Atureo, S. Fernando, M. de Carichama, Pampelune, Gibraltar, Truxillo (Trujillo), Maracaibo, Coro, Carora, Valence (Valencia), Leon (Caracas), Barcelone (Barcelona), and Cumana (Cumaná), Venezuela, Hiendo, Sta. Fe de Bogota (Bogotá), Girone, M. de Maypuri, Mira, Barbacoas, S. Juan de Pasta (Pasto), Popayan (Popayán), Carthago (Cartago), Sta. Fe de Antioquia (Santa Fe de Antioquia), Lorica (Santa Cruz de Lorica), Sta. Marta (Santa Marta), Cathagene (Cartagena), El Hacha, and Les Palme, Colombia, and Santiago (Santiago de Veraguas) and Panama (Panama City) Panama and the unknown locations of S. Tecta, S. Aria, Candeturia, and Fort. Source publication: Atlas Complet Du Precis De la Geographie Universelle De M. Malte Brun dressee par M. Lapie Capitaine Ingenieur Geographie Pierre M. Lapie (1779-1850) and his son Alexandre Emile Lapie (1809-1850) were French cartographers and engravers active in the early part of the 19th Century. The Lapies were commissioned officers in the French army holding the ranks of Colonel and Caipitan, respectively. Alexander enjoyed the title of "First Geographer to the King", and this title appears on several of his atlases. Both father and son were exceptional engraversand fastidious cartographers. Working separately and jointly they published four important atlases, an 1811 Atlas of the French Empire (Alexander), the 1812 Atlas Classique et Universel (Pierre), the Atlas Universel de Geographie Ancienne et Modern (joint issue), and the 1848 Atlas Militaire (Alexander). They also issued many smaller maps and independent issues. All of these are products of exceptional beauty and detail. Conrad Malte-Brun (1755-1826) was an important late 18th and early 19th Century Danish/French cartographer and revolutionary. Conrad was born in Thisted, Denmark. His parents encouraged him to a career in the Church, but he instead enrolled in the University of Copenhagen. In the liberal hall of academia Conrad became an ardent supporter of the French Revolution and the ideals of a free press. Despite the harsh censorship laws of crown prince Frederick VI, Malte-Brun published numerous pamphlets criticizing the Danish government. He was finally charged with defying censorship laws in 1799 and forced to flee to Sweden and ultimately France. Along with colleague Edme Mentelle, Malte-Brun published his first cartographic work, the Geographie mathematique, physique et politique de toutes les parties du monde (6 volumes published between 1803 and 1807). Conrad went on to found Les Annales des Voyages (in 1807) and Les Annales des Voyages, de la Geographie et de l'Histoire (in 1819). He also founded the Paris Societe de Geographie. In time, Conrad became known as one of the finest French cartographers of his time.

Title: Le Fort de la Kenoque. Situè dans la Comte de Flandre, sur la petite Riviere d'Yser a une Lieue au Sud Ouest de Dixmude. (1702): Fort of Kenoque. Seated in the County of Flanders, on the small river Yser in Lieue southwest of Diksmuide.
Summary: This is a copper engraved plate depicting a bird's-eye plan of the fortress of Kenoque situated at the junction of the Loo and Diksmuide canals besieged by the British in 1695. The engraving shows details of the improvements to the fortress proposed by Vauban. The fortress was demolished in 1781. The publication this is from is Atlas portatif, ou, le nouveau theatre de la guerre en Europe: contenant les cartes géographiques, avec les plans des villes & forteresses les plus exposées aux révolutions présentes: accompagnè d'une nouvelle méthode pour apprendre facilement la géographie & la chronologie des potentats. Translated this is roughly: Portable Atlas, or thé new theater of war in Europe: containing maps, city maps with forts & most exposer to these revolutions: accompanied by a new method to easily learn geography & timelines. It was published in Amsterdam, Netherlands by Daniel de la Feuille in 1702. Daniel was born of Huguenot stock in Sedan (L'Ardennes) France. As a young man, he apprenticed as a watchmaker. In 1663 La Feuille married Charlette Marlet, the daughter of a local carpenter. Twenty years later, in 1683, facing religious persecution of the Huguenots in France, the family fled to Amsterdam. By 1686, Daniel had become a burgher (citizen) of the city and established himself as an engraver, publisher, and art dealer. Not long after, in 1691, he was admitted into the Booksellers Guild. His cartographic work includes numerous individual maps and atlases, many of which continued to be published and republished well after his death in 1709. He was succeeded by his sons Jacob and Paul.

Title: Carte Dv Beavvaisis (1648)
Date: 1648-01-01
Summary: Copper engraved map of the Region of Beauvais, France. The map is adorned with a decorative cartouche. The map is from the publication: Cartes generales de toutes les Provinces de France et d'Espaigne, which translates to: General maps of all of the Provinces of France and Spain. The Cartographer, Nicolas Tassin, was active from 1633 until 1655 and was appointed "Royal Cartographer" at Dijon before setting up as an engraver in Paris where he issued various collections of small maps and plans. Cities appearing on this map include: Île-de-France: Yvelines: Mante (Mantes-la-Jolie), Meulan (Meulan-en-Yvelines), and Poissy. Val-d'Oise: Pontoiz (Pontoise), Artis (Arthies), Marignes (Marines), Magny (Magny-en-Vexin), Lisle Adam (L'Isle-Adam), and Beaumont (Beaumont-sur-Oise). Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie: Oise: Meru (Méru), Chaumont (Chaumont-en-Vexin), Labosse, Cormeille (?), Creil, Senlis, Pont S. Maixance (Pont-Sainte-Maxence), Chailly (?), Verberie, Moluin (?), Crepy (Crépy-en-Valois), Russy (Russy-Bémont), Ludron (?), Compiegne (Compiègne), Pierrefond (Pierrefonds), Auberual (?), Rotonde (Rethondes), St. Leu (Saint-Leu-d'Esserent/Villers-sous-Saint-Leu), Merlou (Mello/Saint-Vaast-lès-Mello), Mouy, Fremicourt (?), Auelon (?), Gerberoy, Meroatte (?), Villedieu (?), Bury, Clermont, St. Thibault (Saint-Thibault), Bulles, Beavvais (Beauvais), St. Just (Saint-Just-en-Chaussée), Hinu (Hénu), lequesnel (Le Quesnel-Aubry), Blicourt, Labruire (Labruyère), Remy, Neroy (Noroy), Montiers, Noyon, Le Plessis de Roye (Plessis-de-Roye), Gournay (Gournay-sur-Aronde), Oruilliers (Orvillers-Sorel), Beuuerem, Ferrieres (Ferrières), Breteuil, and Flechy (Fléchy). Somme: Nelle (Nesle ), Harbonnieres (Harbonnières), Roye, Rouy (Rouy-le-Petit/Rouy-le-Grand), Mottnselle, Mondidier, Moreul (Moreuil), Cottensy (Cottenchy), and Conty.. Normandy: Eure: Dangu and Gisors. Seine-Maritime: Gournay (Gournay-en-Bray) and Beuueray (Beuvreuil).

Title: Carte de l'Isle d'Anjouan (1748)
Date: 1748-01-01
Summary: This is a copper engraved map of the Island of Anjouan in the Comoros by Jacques Nicolas Bellin in 1748. It is labeled in both French and Dutch. The title in French is "Carte de l'Isle d'Anjouan, Une des Isles de Comore: Par le Cape. Cornwal" and in Dutch is "Kaart van't Eiland Anjuan, den der Komorose Eilanden, door Kapt. Cornwall". A rough English translation would be "A map of the Island of Anjouan, One of the Islands of the Comoros: Per Captain Cornwall. It shows a unit of measurement with the title, Echelle de quatre lieues marines in French and Schaal van Zee-Mylen in Dutch which translates to Scale of four marine leagues. Cities appearing on the map include: Kavane (?), Sakken (?), Marapare (?), Village:Dorp (?), Asanpon (?), Esoue (?), Eavil (?), Gindi (?), Mokeside (?), Bandane (?), Mindehore (?), Onzene (?), Kani (?), Bandankod (?), Bombo la Saunga (Bambao Mtrouni?), Lamude (?), Gaune (?), Bombae (?), Merone (?), Warne (?), Zeumillome (?), Haromt (?), Ponhal (?), Herovne (?), Bandanka (?), Boderan (?), Pinda (?), Suzane (?), Kova (?), Demoni (?), Koway (?), Namakil (?), Hada (?), and Demani (Domoni). Under Deamni it reads: Ville Capitale ou Demeure du Roy, Hoofdstad, which translated to Capital city or Residence of the King. Off of the Western Coast of the island it reads: Ici le Mouillage set fort bon: Hier is geode Ankering, which translated to, Here, anchorage is very good and Bancs de Roches sous l'eau, which translated to Rock Banks Under Water. On the Northern Portion of the island it reads: Tres bon endroit pour faire du bois: Beste Plaats voor den Houthak, which translates to, Very good place for wood/best place for logging.

Title: Carte Du Cours De La Riviere De Tunquin (1760): Depuis Cacho jusqu'a la Mer Levee par un Navgateur Anglois
Date: 1760-01-01
Summary: This is a copper engraved map printed in 1760 of modern day Vietnam and made by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. Bellin was a famous 18th century French Mapmaker who was famous for his nautical and coastal maps. The map is entitled Carte Du Cours De La Riviere De Tunquin, Depuis Cacho jusqu'a la Mer Levee par un Navigateur Anglois, which roughly translates to the Course of the Tonquin River, Until the Sea Levee at Cacho explored by the English Navigators. The units of measurement are shown to be Echelle Grades Lieues de France which roughly translated to Scale Grades, French Leagues. The map shows. an area of Vietnam along the Tonquin River. It shows Cacho, Ville Capitale du Tunquin (Hanoi), several Pagodas, and Ville ou les Anglois ont un Contour (Village or the English possession at the Contour). It shows the depth of the river at different points and several Bays, Islands, and Settlements.

Title: Ecosse (1812): Scotland
Summary: Detailed single page historical copper engraved map of Scotland. The map shows several geographic details on cities, towns, rivers, lakes, reliefs, and islands. The vignette title is an engraved view of basalt columns. Regions appearing on this map include: Scotland: Kirkcudbright (Kirkcudbrightshire or Dumfries and Galloway), Wigton (Wigtownshire or Dumfries and Galloway), Berwick (Berwickshire or Scottish Borders), Haddington (Haddingtonshire or East Lothian), Roxburgh (Roxburghshire or Scottish Borders), Edimburgh (City of Edinburgh, Midlothian, and West Lothian), Peebles (Peeblesshire and Scottish Borders), Selkirk (Selkirkshire or Scottish Borders), Dumfries (Dumfriesshire or Dumfries and Galloway), Ayr (Ayrshire or North Ayrshire, East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire), Linlitgow (Linlithgowshire or West Lothian), Lanerk (Lanarkshire or East Dunbartonshire, Glasgow City Council, North Lanarkshire, and South Lanarkshire), Renfrew (Renfrewshire or Renfrewshire, East Renfrewshire, and Inverclyde), Dunbarton (Dunbartonshire or East Dunbartonshire and West Dunbartonshire), Argyle (Argyll or Argyll and Bute), Kincardine (Kincardineshire or Aberdeenshire), Angus (Angus and Dundee City), Aberdeen (Aberdeenshire), Perth (Perthshire or Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross, and Stirling), Kinross (Kinross-shire or Perth and Kinross), Clackmannan (Clackmannanshire), Stirling (Stirlingshire or Stirling, East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, and North Lanarkshire), Inverness (Inverness-shire or Inverness), Aberdeen (Aberdeenshire), Ross (Ross-shire or Highland), Southerland (Highland), Caithness (Highland), Orkney Islands, and the Shetland Islands. Cities appearing on this map include: England: Hartlepool, Durham, Shields (South Shields), Newcastle (Newcastle upon Tyne), Hexham, Applebi (Appleby-in-Westmorland), Carlisle, Workington, Morpeth, Bellingham, Rothbury, Alnwick, Bedford (Belford), Berwick (Berwick-upon-Tweed), and Longtown. Scotland: Cities in the Kirkcudbright region (Kirkcudbrightshire or Dumfries and Galloway): Kirkcudbright, Castle Douglas, New Galloway, Gleneard (?), and Boidnock (?). Cities in the Wigton region (Wigtownshire or Dumfries and Galloway): Wigton (Wigtown), Whitehorn (Whithorn), Glenluce, Stranrawer (Stranraer), Kirkbride (Kirkmaiden), Pt. Patrick (Portpatrick), Newton Stewart, and Kirkcolm. Cities in Berwick region (Berwickshire or Scottish Borders): Eyemouth, Cockburnspath, Buncle (Bonkyll Castle), Dunse (Duns), Greenlaw, Coldstream, Channel (Channelkirk), and Lauder. Cities in Haddington region (Haddingtonshire or East Lothian): Haddington and Dunbar Cities in Roxburgh region (Roxburghshire or Scottish Borders): Kelso, Jedburgh, Hawick, Peel (?), and Park (?). Cities in Edimburgh region (City of Edinburgh, Midlothian, and West Lothian): Leith, Edimburgh (Edinburgh), Mid Calder, Whiteburn (Whitburn), Howgate, and Falla (?). Cities in Peebles region (Peeblesshire and Scottish Borders): Linton (West Linton), Peebles, Glenholme (?), and Elveedfout (Elvanfoot). Cities in Selkirk region (Selkirkshire or Scottish Borders): Galashiels, Melrose, and Selkirk. Cities in Dumfries region (Dumfriesshire or Dumfries and Galloway): Longholm (Langholm), Annan, Ecclesfechan (Ecclefechan), Dumfries, Bounby (?), Lochmeben (Lochmaben), Eskdalemoor (Eskdalemuir), Moffat, Monyhive (Moniaive), and Sanquar (Sanquhar). Cities in Ayr region (Ayrshire or North Ayrshire, East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire): Ballantrae, Gaighead (?), Girvan, Maybole, Cumnock, Muirkirk, Derval (Darvel), Ayr, Kilmarnock, Irvine, Dalry, Beith, Kelly (?), Corry (Corrie), and Dippin. Cities in Linlitgow region (Linlithgowshire or West Lothian): Linlithgow Cities in Lanerk region (Lanarkshire or East Dunbartonshire, Glasgow City Council, North Lanarkshire, and South Lanarkshire): Biggar, Douglass (Douglas), Strathaven, Lanerk (Lanark), Airdrie, Kilbride (East Kilbride), Hamilton, and Glascow (Glasgow) Cities in Renfrew region (Renfrewshire or Renfrewshire, East Renfrewshire, and Inverclyde): Paisley Cities in Dumbarton region (Dunbartonshire or East Dunbartonshire and West Dunbartonshire): Dumbarton Cities in Argyle region (Argyll or Argyll and Bute): Kilmodan (Kilmun), Calves (?), Inverniel (Inverneil), Tarbet (Tarbert), Campbelton (Campbeltown), Fernach (?), Jara (Jura), Ardmore, Killaraw (?), Cule (?), Inverary (Inveraray), Minart (Minard), Inishall (?), Dalmaly (Dalmally), Bunawe (Bonawe), Inveruchisar (?), Kenlochliven (?), Kinlock Etive (?), Gleniure (?), Kiell (?), Oban, Charseg (Carsaig), Staffa Bourg (?), Liderkill (?), Raho (Rahoy), Strontian (?), Kilmory, and Waal (Vaul). Cities in Kincardine region (Kincardineshire or Aberdeenshire): Pt. Lethen (Portlethen), Stonehaven, Glenbervie (?), Bervie (Inverbervie), and St. Cyrus. Cities in Angus region (Angus and Dundee City): Montrose, Berchine (Brechin), Forfar, Aberbrothock (Arbroath), Dundee, Gortachy (?), and Glentinineant (?). Cities in Aberdeen region (Aberdeenshire): Wells (?), Troup (?), Aberdour (New Aberdour), Fraserburgh, S. Fergus (St. Fergus), Turreff (Turriff), Deer (New Deer), Peterhead, Slains (Slains Castle), Ellon, Rothie (Rothienorman), Huntley (Huntly), Rain (Old Rayne), Meldrum (Oldmeldrum), Inverurie, Dalreoch (?), Belhelvie, Kintore, Aberdeen, Banchory, Kincardine (Kincardine O'Neil), Crathy (Crathie), Corgarf (Corgarff), Newton (?), and Allanmore (?). Cities in Perth region (Perthshire or Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross, and Stirling): Crail, St. Andrews, Largo (Upper Largo), Dysert (Dysart), Bruntisland (Burntisland), Auchurmuchty (Auchtermuchty), Dunning, Perth, Errol, Coupar (Coupar Angus), Blairgourie (Blairgowrie and Rattray), Dunkeld, Dalmunzie (?), Bodenluig (Ballinluig), Blackford, Crieff, Dumblain (Dunblane), Doune, Altarnin (?), Crienlirch (Crianlarich), Killin, Kenmoor (Kenmore), Aberfeldie (Aberfeldy), Blair Atholl, and Dalnacardoch (?). Cities in Kinross region (Kinross-shire or Perth and Kinross): Kinross. Cities in Stirling region (Stirlingshire or Stirling, East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, and North Lanarkshire): Stirling, Killsyth (Kilsyth), and Drymen. Cities in Inverness region (Inverness-shire or Inverness): Dalwhinnie, Letter Findlay (?), Ft. William, Glenfinnan, Aylort (?), Granton (Grantown-on-Spey), Rothemarchus (Rothiemurchus), Pitmain (Pitmain Farms), Batleloin (?), Doondarduit (?), Kilmare (Kilmore), Polmally (Polmaily Wood), Dores, Inverness, Deamy (?), Comer (?), Giusachan (Guisachan Forrest), Dundreggan, Reabuie (?), Arnalish (?), Sorath (?), Torin (?), Kinloch, Dunan (?), Housedale (?), Penmore (Peinmore House), Ilamar (?), Boisdale, and Peninaurin (?). Cities in Banff region (Banffshire or Moray and Aberdeenshire): Banff, Portsoy, Cullen, Port Nockie (Portnockie), Fochabers, Keith, Boharn (Botarm), Inveraven (Inveraven Church), Candlemore (?), and Gaulrig (?). Cities in Murray region (Elginshire or Moray): Elgin, Forres, and Kincardine (?). Cities in Nairn region (Inverness): Nairn. Cities in Ross region (Ross-shire or Highland): Kinloch Ailsh (?), Ardmore, Tain, Assint (?), Auchindrick (?), Cromarty, Fortrose, Dingwall, Munlochy, Beauley (Beauly), Dormy (?), Ardeyere (?), Stron (Strone Wood), Cowes (Cove), Inverew (Inverewe Garden & Estate), Tagin (Taagan), Ripuch (?), Achnaskin (?), Ballachnaeraw (?), Gallackin (?), Aremean (?), Brenlish, Keriwick, Barvas, and Gulson (Galson Farm). Cities in Southerland region (Highland): Helmsdale, Loth (Lothmore), Brora, Golspie, Dornocft (Dornoch), Invershin (?), Sinsesh (Shinness Lodge), Killernan (?), Dubol (?), Trontite (Trantlemore), Grubmore (Grummore), Tongue, Armsdale (Armadale), Strathbeg (?), Kerwick (?), Glendue (?), and Ballawotin (?). Cities in Caithness region (Highland): Berrydale (?), Dunbeath, Nottingham, Mid Clyth, Wick, Orem (?), Thurso, Brims (?), and Houna (Huna). Cities in Orkney Islands: Kirkwald (Kirkwall) and Sandwick. Northern Ireland: Belfast, Glenarm, and Coleraine. Ireland: Killybegs Source publication: Atlas Complet Du Precis De la Geographie Universelle De M. Malte Brun dressee par M. Lapie Capitaine Ingenieur Geographie Pierre M. Lapie (1779-1850) and his son Alexandre Emile Lapie (1809-1850) were French cartographers and engravers active in the early part of the 19th Century. The Lapies were commissioned officers in the French army holding the ranks of Colonel and Capitaine, respectively. Alexander enjoyed the title of "First Geographer to the King", and this title appears on several of his atlases. Both father and son were exceptional engraversand fastidious cartographers. Working separately and jointly they published four important atlases, an 1811 Atlas of the French Empire (Alexander), the 1812 Atlas Classique et Universel (Pierre), the Atlas Universel de Geographie Ancienne et Modern (joint issue), and the 1848 Atlas Militaire (Alexander). They also issued many smaller maps and independent issues. All of these are products of exceptional beauty and detail. Conrad Malte-Brun (1755-1826) was an important late 18th and early 19th Century Danish/French cartographer and revolutionary. Conrad was born in Thisted, Denmark. His parents encouraged him to a career in the Church, but he instead enrolled in the University of Copenhagen. In the liberal hall of academia Conrad became an ardent supporter of the French Revolution and the ideals of a free press. Despite the harsh censorship laws of crown prince Frederick VI, Malte-Brun published numerous pamphlets criticizing the Danish government. He was finally charged with defying censorship laws in 1799 and forced to flee to Sweden and ultimately France. Along with colleague Edme Mentelle, Malte-Brun published his first cartographic work, the Geographie mathematique, physique et politique de toutes les parties du monde (6 volumes published between 1803 and 1807). Conrad went on to found Les Annales des Voyages (in 1807) and Les Annales des Voyages, de la Geographie et de l'Histoire (in 1819). He also founded the Paris Societe de Geographie. In time, Conrad became known as one of the finest French cartographers of his time.

Title: An account of upper Louisiana
Date: 1989

Title: Plan De L'Isle De Gorée, sur les desseins du St. Copagnon (1750): Plan De L'Isle De Goree on the designs of St. Copagnon
Summary: Detailed historical engraved map of the Island of Gorée off of the Coast of Dakar, Senegal. It shows all sizable structures on the island during the year 1750. This map is from a publication PREVOST D’EXILES, Antoine François. Histoire générale des Voyages, ou Nouvelle Collection de toutes les Relations de Voyages par Mer et par Terre, Qui ont été publiées […] Avec les mœurs des habitans, leur Religion, leur Usages, Arts, Sciences, Commerce, Manufactures &c. pour former un système complet d’Histoire et de Géographie moderne […].  La Haye, Pierre de Hondt. English translation of publication: PREVOST OF EXILES, Antoine François. General History of Voyages or New Collection of all Travel Relations by Sea and by Land, who have been published [...] With the manners of the inhabitants, their religion, their uses, Arts, Science, Commerce, Manufactures & c. to form a complete system of History and Geography modern [...]. The Hague Pierre de Hondt. The title in French: Plan De L'Isle De Gorée, sur les desseins du St. Copagnon. The title in Dutch: Plattegrond van't Eiland Gorée, volgens de Aftékeningen van den Hr. Compagnon. The title translated into English: Plan De L'Isle De Goree on the designs of St. Copagnon. The Following are shown in French and Dutch: French/Dutch: Explication de chiffres/Verklaaring der Syffers English translation: Explanation of Figures 1) Cour du Fort St. Francois/Binneplaats van't Fort St. Francois English translation: Court of Fort St. Francois 2) Maison du Gouverneur/Huis des Goeverneurs English translation: Governor's House 3) Corps de Garde/Kortegaard English translation: Corps de Garde 4) Cuisine/Keuken English translation: Kitchen 5) Magazin/Magazyn English translation: Magazine 6) Quartier des Officiers, avec la Chapel le et des magazine dessous/Offisiers huizinge, Kapél, en Voor raadkelders. English translation: District Officers, with the Chapel and magazine below. 7) Loges des Esclaves/Wooning der Slaaven English translation: Slave Lodges 8) Cazernes/Barakken English translation: Barracks 9) Escaliers/Trap English translation: Stairs 10) Entree du Fort/Ingang van't Fort English translation: Entrance to the Fort 11) Canons pour defendre l'entree/Geschut oin den Ingang te verdedigen English translation: Cannons to defend the entrance 12) Lieu du débarquement/Plaatsse ter Ontscheepinge English translation: Place of Landing 13) Barriere/Slagboom English translation: Barriers 14) Latrines/Sekreeten English translation: Latrines 15) Fortifications projetées/Voorgenome Vestingwerken English translation: Projected Fortifications 16) Platteforme large de six pieds/Bedding breed ses voeten English translation: Platform of six feet 17) Fosse de dix pieds de largeur/Gragt van 10 vote breed English translation: Pit ten feet wide 18) Fer a chevat/Half-rondeel English translation: Half Rounel 19) Jardin/Tuin English translation: Garden 20) Logement du Jardin/Tuinmanshuis English translation: Garden Housing 21) Boulangerie/Bakkery English translation: Bakery 22) Forge/Smeedery English translation: Forge 23) Cimetiere/Kerkhof English translation: Cemetery 24) Colombier abattu/Duive-kot geslegt English translation: Colombier shot 25) Petite Citerne/Klyne-Regenbak English translation: Small cistern 26) Grande Citerne/Groote-Regenbak English translation: Large cistern 27) Cour du Fort St. Michel/Binneplaats van't Fort St. Michiel English translation: Court of Fort St. Michel 28)Corps de Garde, et deux petits Magazins au des sou/Kortegaard en twé klyne Magazyns daaronder English translation: Body Guard, and two small Magazines to the penny 29) Porte d'entrée du Fort/Poort van't Fort English translation: Fort Gateway 30) Magazin a poudre/Kruit-magazyn English translation: Magazine Powder 31) Fer a cheral/Half-rondeel English translation: Iron Cheral 32) Batteries/Batteryen English translation: Batteries 33) Roc perpendiculaire/Regtstandige Rotz English translation: Roc Perpendicular 34) Pointes de rochers qui avancent sur la mer/Overhangende Hoeken van de Rotze English translation: Overhanging rocks, advancing sea 35) Amas de rocs/Ophooping van Rotzen English translation: Pile of rocks 36) Rocs a fleur d'eau/Rotzen, Waterpas English translation: Rocs awash 37) Puits nécessaire/Noodige Waterputten English translation: Wells required 38) Loges des Esclaves et Magazins nécessaires/ Wooning der Slaaven, en Magazynen English translation: Slave lodges, necessary magazines 39) Cour des Esclaves/Binneplaats der Slaaven English translation: Court of the Slaves 40) Loges des Negres libres/Hutten der vrye Negers English translation: Lodges of Free Blacks 41) Loges des Bambarras, et puits nécessaire/Jutten der Bambarras, en noodzaaklyke Putten English translation: Bambarras Lodges and necessary wells 42) Jetée projettée/Ontworpe Zeehoosden English translation: Pier projection N. B. Les endroits marqués d'une paraissent n'avoir été tracés que comme des choses projetées./De plaatssen gemerkt met sen Schynen alleen ontworpen, en dus hierin maar gesschetst te zen. English translation: NB The places marked with appear to have been drawn lines are things planned. Mapmaker: Jacques-Nicolas Bellin (1703 - 1772) was one of the most important cartographers of the 18th century. With a 50 year career, Bellin is best seen as geographe de cabinet and transitional mapmaker spanning the 18th and early 19th century cartographic styles. His long career as Hydrographer and Ingénieur Hydrographe at the French Dépôt des cartes et plans de la Marine resulted in hundreds of high quality nautical charts of practically everywhere in the world. Bellin's work focuses on function and accuracy and tending in the process to be less decorative than the earlier 17th and 18th century cartographic work. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bellin was always careful to cite his references and his scholarly corpus consists of over 1400 articles on geography prepared for Diderot's Encyclopedie. Bellin, despite his extraordinary success, may not have enjoyed his work, which is described as "long, unpleasant, and hard." In addition to numerous maps and charts published during his lifetime, many of Bellin's maps were updated (or not) and published posthumously. He was succeeded as Ingénieur Hydrographe by his student, also a prolific and influential cartographer, Rigobert Bonne. Engraver: Jakob van der Schley (*1715 - †1779) was a dutch engraver and painter. He has engraved the maps and views of the maps of the Dutch edition of Prevost's Histoire General des Voyage.

Title: Côte du Nord Est de l'Isle de Juan Fernandez: Tirée du Voyage de l'Admiral Anson (1750): Northeast Coast of the Isle of Juan Fernanadez: Extracted from Admiral Anson's Travels
Summary: This is a copper engraved map of the Northeast portion of Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández Islands published in 1750. The upper portion of the map shows a lithographic view of Cumberland Bay on the Northeast Coast of Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández Islands. Cumberland Bay is the modern site of San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island. It contains a title in French and Dutch: Vue de la Baye de Cumberland/ Gezigt van de Cumberlandse Baay which translated in English to: View of the Bay of Cumberland. The lower portion of the map is a map of the entire Northeast portion of the island showing mountains, trees, and water depths off the coast. There is a title in French that reads, Côte du Nord Est de l'Isle de Juan Fernandez: Tirée du Voyage de l'Admiral Anson (1750) which translates to Northeast Coast of the Isle of Juan Fernanadez: Extracted from Admiral Anson's Travels. Below this portion is the Dutch title: Noord-Oost Kust van't Eiland Juan Fernandez: Uit de Reize van den Admiral Anson getrokken which translated to the same as the French title. Shown on the map are: Baye de l'Est (East Bay), Baye de Cumberland (Cumberland Bay), Baye de l'Ouest (West Bay), Fond de Sable fin (Fine Sand), and Baye du Pain de Sucre (Sugar Loaf Bay). Jacques-Nicolas Bellin who lived from 1703 to 1772 was an important cartographer of the 18th century. He is understood as geographe de cabinet and a transitional mapmaker spanning the gap between 18th and early 19th century cartographic styles. His long career as Hydrographer and Ingénieur Hydrographe at the French Dépôt des cartes et plans de la Marine resulted in hundreds of high quality nautical charts of practically everywhere in the world. His work focuses on function and accuracy tending in the process to be less decorative than the earlier 17th and 18th century cartographic work. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bellin was always careful to cite his references and his scholarly corpus consists of over 1400 articles on geography prepared for Diderot's Encyclopedie. In addition to numerous maps and charts published during his lifetime, many of Bellin's maps were updated (or not) and published posthumously. He was succeeded as Ingénieur Hydrographe by his student, also a prolific and influential cartographer, Rigobert Bonne. Jakob van der Schley who lived from 1715 to 1779 was a Dutch engraver and painter. He has engraved the maps and views of the maps of the Dutch edition of Prevost's Histoire General des Voyage.

Title: Imperium Persicum tempore Cyri Magni (1739): Control at the time of Cyrus the Great, the Persian Gulf
Summary: Detailed copper engraved historic map showing the extension of the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great. The map depicts modern-day Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Armenia, Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq, and Northwestern India. The map is filled with a lot of geographical details concerning place names in Latin, Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, and Islands. The title is inside a simple cartouche. Citeis, Regions, Rivers, and Islands shown are: Europa (Europe), Tanais F. (Don River, Russia), Palus Maeotis (Sea of Azov or Maeotian Marshes/Maeotian Lake, Ukraine/Russia), Scythia, Ister F. (Danube River, Europe), Rha F. (Volga River, Russia), Illiricum (Roman Province of Modern-Day Albania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia), Thracia (Roman Province of Modern-Day Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey), Macedonia, Graecia (Greece), Epirus (Modern-Day parts of Albania and Greece), Asia Minor (Turkey), Phrygia (Turkey) Aegeum Mare (Aegean Sea), Caystrus F., Cuma (Cyme), Larissa (Ancient city destroyed in 279 BC), Sardes (Sart), Paetolus F., Caria, Lycia (Modern-Day parts of Antalya and Muğla), Pamphylia (Modern-Day Antalya), Cilicia, Piteria (Pteria ancient capital of the Assyrians destroyed in 547 BC), Paphalagonia, Cappadocia (Nevşehir), Halis F. (Kızılırmak River), Caucasus M. (Caucasus Mountains), Colchis, Phasis F. (Rioni River), Albania (Part of Modern-Day Azerbaijan and Dagestan), Armenia, Creta (Crete), Mare Mediterraneum (Mediterranean Sea), Libya, Barce (Marj), Cyrene (Ancient City destroyed by an Earthquake in 365 AD), Aegyptus (Egypt), Nilus F. (Nile River), Africa, Cyprus, Syria, Phoenice, Sinus Arabicus (Red Sea), Taurus M. (Taurus Mountains), Tigris F. (Tigris River), Euphrates F. (Euphrates River), Assyria (Northern Iraq, Northeast Syria, and Southeastern Turkey), Ninus (Nineveh), Mesopotamia (Iraq, Kuwait, Northeastern Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and Southwestern Iran), Babylon (Hillah), Babylonia (Iraq), Chaldaea, Arabia, Araxes F. (Aras River), Cadusci, Media (Northwestern Iran), Ecbatana (Hamedan), Susa (Shush), Susiana (Elam in West and Southwest Iran), Sinus Persicus (Persian Gulf), Persia (Iran), Persepolis, Cissii, Hyrcania (Parts of Modern-Day Northern Iran and Turkmenistan), Parthia (Northeastern Iran), Asia, Mardi, Carmania Deserta, Carmania (Kerman Province, Iran), Mare Erythraeum (Erythraean Sea), Gedrosia (Balochistan), Indus F. (Indus River), India, Arachosia (Modern-Day Southern Afghanistan and Pakistan), Aria (Northwest Afghanistan), Drangiana (Modern-Day Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), Parapamisus, Bactriana (Northern Afghanistan), Mare Caspium (Caspian Sea), Caspii, Iaxartes F. (Syr Darya River), Sacae, Sogdiana (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), Margiana (Afghanistan and Turkmenistan), and Oxus F. (Amu Darya River) The source publication is: Geographia antique, Latinorum et Graecorum, tabulis XXXII novis & accuratis expressa, translated: Thirty-two new and accurate maps of the geography of the ancients, as contained in the Greek and Latin Classics. It was printed and sold in 1739 in London by Thomas Bowles. Herman Moll was a Dutchman bookseller, geographer and engraver. Around 1678 he moved to London where for a while he continued as an engraver. Later, he started his own businesses a map publisher and by the turn of the century had become the most prominent map publisher in the country. He published atlases and loose maps of all parts of the world many of which were highly decorative. In 1724 he published his 'New Description of England and Wales', an atlas of the English and Welsh Counties. He had many interesting friends including Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift (for whom he provided maps for Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels), explorers William Damier and Woodes Rogers, and the scientist Robert Hooke.

Title: Isle de Bouin (1648): Bouin Island
Summary: This is a copper engraved map showing houses, roads, and fields of the Island of Bouin. It is decorated with a title cartouche, several sailing ships, and a simple compass rose. It shows the towns of Bouin and Beauoir (Beauvoir-sur-Mer) in the Vendée region of France. It is from the publication: Cartes generals de routes les Provinces de France et d'Espaigen which translates to: General Maps of all the Provinces of France and Spain. It was published in 1648 in Paris, France by Nicolas Berey near the Augustinians. Nicolas Tassin, the cartographer, was active from 1633 until 1655 and was appointed "Royal Cartographer" at Dijon, before setting up as an engraver in Paris where he issued various collections of small maps and plans.

Title: Partie Occidentale de l'Empire Francais (1812): Western Part of the French Empire
Date: 1812-01-01, 1812
Summary: Highly detailed single page historical copper engraved map of the Western part of France and the Northern part of Spain. The map shows several geographic details on cities, towns, rivers, mountains, and islands. The map features a vignette incorporating the title. Regions shown: Pyrenees Orientales (Pyrénées-Orientales), Aude, Arriege (Ariège), Haute Garonne (Haute-Garonne), Hautes Pyrenees (Hautes-Pyrénées), Basses Pyrenees (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), Gard, Herault (Hérault), Aveiron (Aveyron), Tarn, Tarn et Garonne (Tarn-et-Garonne), and Gers. Cities shown: France: Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées: Pyrenees Orientales (Pyrénées-Orientales): Elne, Pt. Vendre (Port-Vendres), Ceret (Céret), Prats de Mollo (Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste), Perpignan, St. Paul (Saint-Paul-de-Fenouillet), and Prades. Aude: Leucate, Ouillan (Quillan), Sijean (Sigean), la Grasse (Lagrasse), Narbonne, Castelnaudary, Carcassonne, and Limoux. Arriege (Ariège): Foix, Belesta (Bélesta), Tarascon (Tarascon-sur-Ariège), Ax (Ax-les-Thermes), St. Girons (Saint-Girons), Seix, Pamiers, and Mirepoix. Haute Garonne (Haute-Garonne): S. Beat (Saint-Béat), Bagneres de Luchen (Bagnères-de-Luchon), St. Gaudens (Saint-Gaudens), St. Bertrand (Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges), Muret, Villefranche (Villefranche-de-Lauragais), Toulouse, Grenade, Caraman, and Villemur (Villemur-sur-Tarn). Hautes Pyrenees (Hautes-Pyrénées): Barreges (Barèges), Argelles (Argelès-Gazost), Lourde (Lourdes), Bagneres (Bagnères-de-Bigorre), la Barthe (La Barthe-de-Neste), Castelnau (Castelnau-Magnoac), Tarbes, and Vic Bigorre (Vic-en-Bigorre). Gard: Avignon, Tarascon, Nismes (Nîmes), Arles, Sommieres (Sommières), St. Hypolitte (Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort), le Vigan (Le Vigan), and Aiguesmortes (Aigues-Mortes). Herault (Hérault): Montpellier, Frontignan, Cette (Sète), Agde, Pezenas (Pézenas), Lodeve (Lodève), Olargues, Beziers (Béziers), and St. Pens (?). Aveiron (Aveyron): St. Afrique (Saint-Affrique) and S. Sernin (Saint-Sernin-sur-Rance). Tarn: La Caune (Lacaune), Castres, Lavaur, Alby (Albi), Gaillac, and Rabastens. Tarn et Garonne (Tarn-et-Garonne): Beaumont (Beaumont-de-Lomagne), and Montauban. Gers: I'lle en Jourdain (L'Isle-Jourdain), Lombes (Lombez), Monfort, Lectoure, Auch, Simorre, Mirande (?), Vic Fezensac (Vic-Fezensac), Condom, Eauze (Éauze), Nogaro, and Plaisance. Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes: Basses Pyrenees (Pyrénées-Atlantiques): Laruns, Accous, Garlin, Pau, Oleron (Oloron-Sainte-Marie) Landes: Mont de Marsan (Mont-de-Marsan), St. Sever (Saint-Sever), Aire (Aire-sur-l'Adour) Spain: Catalonia: Province of Tarragona: Col de Balaguer (Coll de Balaguer), Perello (El Perelló), Tortose (Tortosa), Amposta, Momblanch (Montblanc), Cornudella (Cornudella de Montsant), Garcia, Miravet, Cambrils, and Tarragone (Tarragona). Province of Girona: Palamos (Palamós), Franciah (?), Tosa (Tossa de Mar), Hostalrich (Hostalric), La Junquiere (La Jonquera), Roses, Figuieres (Figueres), Castel Solit (?), Geronne (Girona), Puycerda (Puigcerdà), Ribas (Ribes de Freser), and Ripoll. Province of Barcelona: Malgrat (Malgrat de Mar), Cadella (Calella), Mataro (Mataró), Gronollers (Granollers), Barcelone (Barcelona), Sitjas (Sitges), S. Feliu (Sant Feliu de Llobregat), Martorell, Olesa (Olesa de Montserrat), Manresa, Cellent (Sallent), and Surla (Súria). Province of Lleida: Basella (Bassella), Pons (Ponts), Balaguer, Llor (?), Lerida (Lleida), Villagrasa (Vilagrassa), Sarroca (?), Urgel (La Seu d'Urgell), Malgrat (?), Castel Leon (?), Tirbia (?), Organya (Organyà), and Talarn. Aragon: Province of Huesca: Barbastro, Venasque (Benasque), Campo, Lastarre (?), Aguilar (?), Lascuare (Lascuarre), Almudorar (Almudévar), Anzanego (Anzánigo), Fiscal, Viescas (Biescas), Jaca, and Ayerbe. Province of Zaragoza: Osero (Osera de Ebro), Mequinenza, Foyon (Fayón), Alfoeea (?), Saragosse (Zaragoza), Escoron (?), Murillo (Murillo de Gállego), and Verdun (Berdún). Navarre: Province of Navarre: Caparroso, Navasques (Navascués), Pampelunne (Pamplona), Roncevalles (Roncesvalles), and Estella. La Rioja: Province of La Rioja: Logrono (Logroño). Castile and León: Province of Burgos: Miranda de Ebro. Basque Country: Province of Álava: Vitoria (Vitoria-Gasteiz). Province of Biscay: Orduna (Orduña). Cantabria: Province of Cantabria: Reynosa (Reinosa). Andorra: Andorre (Andorra la Vella) Source publication: Atlas Complet Du Precis De la Geographie Universelle De M. Malte Brun dressee par M. Lapie Capitaine Ingenieur Geographie Pierre M. Lapie (1779-1850) and his son Alexandre Emile Lapie (1809-1850) were French cartographers and engravers active in the early part of the 19th Century. The Lapies were commissioned officers in the French army holding the ranks of Colonel and Caipitan, respectively. Alexander enjoyed the title of "First Geographer to the King", and this title appears on several of his atlases. Both father and son were exceptional engraversand fastidious cartographers. Working separately and jointly they published four important atlases, an 1811 Atlas of the French Empire (Alexander), the 1812 Atlas Classique et Universel (Pierre), the Atlas Universel de Geographie Ancienne et Modern (joint issue), and the 1848 Atlas Militaire (Alexander). They also issued many smaller maps and independent issues. All of these are products of exceptional beauty and detail. Conrad Malte-Brun (1755-1826) was an important late 18th and early 19th Century Danish/French cartographer and revolutionary. Conrad was born in Thisted, Denmark. His parents encouraged him to a career in the Church, but he instead enrolled in the University of Copenhagen. In the liberal hall of academia Conrad became an ardent supporter of the French Revolution and the ideals of a free press. Despite the harsh censorship laws of crown prince Frederick VI, Malte-Brun published numerous pamphlets criticizing the Danish government. He was finally charged with defying censorship laws in 1799 and forced to flee to Sweden and ultimately France. Along with colleague Edme Mentelle, Malte-Brun published his first cartographic work, the Geographie mathematique, physique et politique de toutes les parties du monde (6 volumes published between 1803 and 1807). Conrad went on to found Les Annales des Voyages (in 1807) and Les Annales des Voyages, de la Geographie et de l'Histoire (in 1819). He also founded the Paris Societe de Geographie. In time, Conrad became known as one of the finest French cartographers of his time.

Title: Afrique Ancienne (1812): Ancient Africa (1812)
Summary: Detailed single page copper engraved map of Northern Africa in Ancient times. Depicts the various ancient kingdoms as well as offering good detail of the deserts - some of which is entirely mythological. The map covers also the Southern European Continent from Iberian Peninsula to Greece, Middle East and Arabian Peninsula. The map is adorned with a decorative title cartouche embellished with an Egyptian obelisk. Sites appearing on the map include: Tamusiga, Mysocora, Sala (Chellah-destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th Century), Banasa (Iulia Valentia Banasa-destroyed in 285 AD), Volubilis (Destroyed in the 11th Century), Tingis (Tangiers), and Parietina, Morocco, Olisipo (Lisbon), Portugal, Carthago Nova (Cartagena), Dianium, and Tarraco (Tarragona), Spain, Massilia (Marseille), France, Caratis, Genua (Genoa), Roma (Rome), and Syracusae (Syracuse), Italy, Athenae (Athens), Greece, Siga, Mina, Medianum, Cartenna (Mostaganem), Caesarea, Vescotbra, Saldae (Destroyed 429 AD), Tabudis, Cirta (Constantine), and Hippo Reglus (Annaba), Algeria, Cathago (Carthage), and Tacape (Gabes), Tunisia, Sabrata (Sabratha), Cydamus (Ghadames), Matalgae, Aea, Leptis Magna, Gerisa, Cyllaba, Garama (Germa), Muchtasii, Cyrene, Darais, Mazala, Augila (Awjila), and Philenor Arae, Libya, Tucabath (Timbuktu), Mali, Byzantium (Istanbul), Sinope (Sinop), Antiocha (Antioch), and Tarsus, Turkey, Babylon, Iraq, Salamis, Cyprus, Palmyra and Damascus, Syria, Persepolis, Iran, Omanum, Oman, Iabris, Alata, Asca, Casandi, Nagrana, Aeli, Chaalla, Sacacia, Macoraba (Mecca), Chariatha, Maaddeni, Iambe, Iatrippa, Leuce Come, Thema, Raunati, Phaenicium Oppidum, Madian (Midian), Thumata, and Gerra (Gerrha), Saudi Arabia, Macala, Mariaba, Sabat, and Muza, Yemen, Aetana, and Petra, Jordan, Aerosolyma (Jerusalem), Israel, Alexandria, Petusium, Ammon, Maraotis, Memphis, Oasis Magna (Kharga), Antinoa, Ptolomais, Coptos (Qift), Theba (Thebes), Berenice, Premis Parva, Cambysis Aeraruim, and Arbos, Egypt, Satachtha, Napata, Candace, Ptolomais, Meroe (Merowe), Tolen, and Auxuma, Sudan, Adulis, Eritrea, Tyrus (Tyre), Lebanon, and the unsure sites of Talubath, Saluce, Nigira Metrop., Ta Gana, Taermunda, Boin, Neglagemela, Thapsagus, Disecra, Tabidium, Thube, Berenice, Saba, Niloptolemaeum, Zingis Extrema, Rapta, and Aesar. Source publication: Atlas Complet Du Precis De la Geographie Universelle De M. Malte Brun dressee par M. Lapie Capitaine Ingenieur Geographie Pierre M. Lapie (1779-1850) and his son Alexandre Emile Lapie (1809-1850) were French cartographers and engravers active in the early part of the 19th Century. The Lapies were commissioned officers in the French army holding the ranks of Colonel and Caipitan, respectively. Alexander enjoyed the title of "First Geographer to the King", and this title appears on several of his atlases. Both father and son were exceptional engraversand fastidious cartographers. Working separately and jointly they published four important atlases, an 1811 Atlas of the French Empire (Alexander), the 1812 Atlas Classique et Universel (Pierre), the Atlas Universel de Geographie Ancienne et Modern (joint issue), and the 1848 Atlas Militaire (Alexander). They also issued many smaller maps and independent issues. All of these are products of exceptional beauty and detail. Conrad Malte-Brun (1755-1826) was an important late 18th and early 19th Century Danish/French cartographer and revolutionary. Conrad was born in Thisted, Denmark. His parents encouraged him to a career in the Church, but he instead enrolled in the University of Copenhagen. In the liberal hall of academia Conrad became an ardent supporter of the French Revolution and the ideals of a free press. Despite the harsh censorship laws of crown prince Frederick VI, Malte-Brun published numerous pamphlets criticizing the Danish government. He was finally charged with defying censorship laws in 1799 and forced to flee to Sweden and ultimately France. Along with colleague Edme Mentelle, Malte-Brun published his first cartographic work, the Geographie mathematique, physique et politique de toutes les parties du monde (6 volumes published between 1803 and 1807). Conrad went on to found Les Annales des Voyages (in 1807) and Les Annales des Voyages, de la Geographie et de l'Histoire (in 1819). He also founded the Paris Societe de Geographie. In time, Conrad became known as one of the finest French cartographers of his time.

Title: Africa (1860)
Summary: Steel engraved map of the whole African Continent. The map gives several geographic details on place names, rivers, mountains, and bays. The map is adorned with decorative borders. Countries shown: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Cities of many of these countries as well as Bays and Rivers in these Countries are present including Aden and Mocha Yemen, Brava (Barawa), Torra, Jillip (Jilib), Magadoxo (Mogadishu), Barboni, Auxa, Hurrur, Zeyla (Zeila), and Somauli, Somalia, Angot, Antalo (Hintalo), Genater, Axum, Gondar, Sokota (Soqota), Tegulet, Bure, Moumi, Bosham, and Ankober, Ethiopia, Massowa (Massawa), Eritrea, Sennar, Teawa (Al Qadarif), Takala, Halfay, Shendy, Atbara (Atbarah), Melcheir, Berber, El Obeid (Al-Ubayyid), Suakin, Amour, Cobbe, Meroe (Merowe), Old Dongola (Dunqulah al-Ajuz), New Dongola (Dongola), Hannek, Leghea, Kouke, Kolbe, Sebma,and Khartoum, Sudan, Mecca and Medina, Saudi Arabia, Ipsambol (Abu Simbel), Assouan (Aswan), Edfou (Edfu), Thebes, Wah el Khargeh, El danan, Siout (Asyut), Minyeh, Abu Firgeh, Snez (Suez), Cairo, Cohizeh, Wah el Daleel, Farafreh (Farafra), Al Kasar, Sywah, Dresieh, Tifah, Damietta, Rosetta, Alexandria, Port Mahadda, and Derr (el-derr), Egypt, Akaba (Aqaba), Jordan, Jerusalem, Israel, Tarffanah, Jedid, Aujilah, Febabo, Zellah (Zella), Bureigah, Taukruo, Tolmeita (Tolmeitha), Boussaida, Ghirzah, Misratah (Misrata), Beniolid, Lebdah, Tripoli, Sokna, Sebba, Omlaraneb, Mafen, Gertrone, Tejert, Legkrir, El Baab, Monrzouk, Ghraat, Winega, Tadera, Labbiyed Gadamis (Ghadames),Grennat, Marajeh, Hanieh, and Dernah (Derna), Libya, Tierel, Mobadia, Sousah, and Tunis, Tunisia, and Bonah, Boujayah, Deltyz, Setif (Sétif), Constantina (Constantina), Tuggurt (Touggourt), Engousah, Algiers, Tenez (Ténès), Hamisa, Oran, Arzaw, Al Aghouath, Gardeia, Grara, Farsile, Ain Salah (In Salah), Agabli, Temadran, Armaghi, Al Walen, Tlemezen (Tlemcen), Fighig, and Al Galah, Algeria, Madroma, Tétouan, Tangier, Mequinez (Mekne), Fez (Fes), Segdmesa (Sijilmasa), Tabelhat, Tafilet (Tafilalt), Gourtand, Mansoriah, Azamor (Azemmour), Saffi (Safi), Al Kala, Magador, Agadir, Talent, Al Harib, Tatta, Nun, Saleco, Alekah, Al Guedea, and Marabooti, Morocco, Melilla, and Ceuta, Spain, Teneriffe (Tenerife), Canary Islands, St. Louis (Saint-Louis), Bakel, Hyenne, Sedo, Joal (Joal Fadiout), and Casamanza, Senegal, Kahede (Kaedi), Mauritania, Bangassi, Mali, Bathurst (Banjul), Gambia, Timbo, Guinea, Falaba, Sierra Leone, Monrovia, Tradetown, Settra Kroo, Sesters, Harper, and Bassa, Liberia, Tabou (Dabou), Bardy, King George Town, Lahou (Grand Lahou), Ivoery Town, Assineco, Ivory Coast, Apoflonia, Cape Three Points, Cape Coast Castle, Coomassie (Kumasi), Winabah (Winneba), Accra, and Adda (Ada Foah), Ghana, Badagry, Jenna, Engua, Koussou, Brass, Ibou, Beran, Iddah (Idah), Funda, Jacoba, Yola, Yakoba, Koji, Dikoa, Kuka (Kukawa), Boari, Kano, Bebeji, Zaria, Womba, Tabra, Egga, Eyeo, Boussa (New Bussa), Yaouri (Bin Yauri), and Dukes Town (Akwa Akpa or Calabar), Nigeria, Abomey, Benin, Boos, Niger, Williamstown, Cameroon, Adjumba, Gabon, Kabenda (Cabinda), Caconga (Cacongo), Sonho (Soyo), Batta, S. Salvador (M'banza-Kongo), Oando, Oaculo, Mani, Ambria, Casaba, Cassange, Tanza, Cambambe, Lutato, Old Benguela (Porto Amboim), Tamba, Bomba, Balhinda, Quisongi, Novo Redondo (Sumbe), Cabuto, Philip de Benguela (Benguela), Angaruca, Bihe, Caconda, Quilamata, Dumbo (Mandume), Quimbianba, and S. Paul de Loando (Luanda), Angola, Ondonga, Oyando, Orajo, Okavara, Burmen, Niaxs, Wesley Vale, Betni, Bethany (Bethanie), Africaners Kraal, and Rehoboth, Namibia, Kolobeng (Kolobeng Mission), Botswana, Pella, Lady Fn, Camel Mouth, Tulbagh, Stellenbosch, Clanwilliam, Cape Town, George, Uitenhage, Bathurst, Beaufort (Beaufort West), Cradock, Grahams Town, (Grahamstown), Fredericksburg, London (East London), Butterworth, Palmerston, Matuana Kraal, Phillipolis (Philippolis), Moriah, Griania, Kruman (Kuruman), Lattakoo (Dithakong), Moshow, Port Natal & D'Urban (Durban), Pietermaritzburg, Lakalabaldi, Potchefstroem (Potchefstroom), and Warm Bed, South Africa, Inhambane, Buok, Sofala (Nova Sofala), Luabo, Quillimane (Quelimane), Zumbo, Tete, Mesuril (Mossuril), Querimba (Quirimba), and Sena (Vila de Sena), Mozambique, Masapa (Massapa), Zumbo, Chicova, and Luanza (Luanze, Ruhanje), Zimbabwe, Sekeletu, Sesheke, and Sekhos, Zambia, Amboule, Tullear (Toliara), Fort Dauphin (Tôlanaro), Manamvatoo, Mananzari (Mananjary), Oiube, Voubai, Menabe, Mouron dava (Morondava), Enboudiaro, Andevorande (Andevoranto), Befaxona, Tananarivo (Antananarivo), Inaoja, Tamatave (Toamasina), Ifontsy, Vouipafie, Bembatooka, Tanzou, Narinda, Moringa, Angonta or Ngoncy, Ifonty, Passandava, and Mananbatou (Manambato), Madagascar, Saint-Denis, Réunion, Port Louis, Mauritius, and Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani), Tanzania, and the unknown locations of Argian, Hoden, Tisbeet, Shingaria, Kemmoo, Bambouk, Koena, Medina, Pisania, S. Domingo, Kakundy, Simera, Couseca, Aladah, Yandi, Bombom, Farfar, Korongo, Mombum, Doka, Salang, Raby Buba, Sette, Buka Meala, Monsol, Mayaimba, Loango, Sonho, S. Salvador, Batta, Oando, Oaculo, Ambria, Cabasa, Nariele, Setaabee, Kuissee, Nchokotsa, Maila, Tounobis, Makcto, Mashinga, Macanda, Mazayamba, Lukelingo, Marora, Dayua, Atumba, Oha, Ogomba, Lucenda, Mouvo, Chipaca, Henui, Gunaneh, Runga, Sebbo, Ketmede, Boushashem, Wara, Harrunek, Donas, Mangard, Day, Yogda, Mittu, Masena, Showy, Korbe, Birkel Fatima, Metmi, Birri, Mora, and Gider.

Title: Acquisitiones Pyrrhi Epirotarum Regis sicut in Plutarcho (1739): Acquisition of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, as in Plutarch (1739)
Summary: Copper engraved historic map showing the Kingdom of Pyrrhus of Epirus, based on the sources of Plutarch. The map depicts the Southern tip of Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, Greece, Crete, the Northern tip of the African Continent, Croatia, Albania, Macedonia, and Turkey. The map is filled with a lot of geographic details concerning place names in Latin, Rivers, Mountains, and Islands. The title is inside a simple cartouche. Cities, Rivers, Towns, and Seas shown: Italia (Italy), Illyricum (Present day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Albania), Roma (Rome), Samnites (People of South-Central Italy), Ferentium (Absorbed by Modern-day Viterbo), Asculum (Ascoli Satriano), Beneventum (Benevento), Apulia, Messapia (Salento), Hydruntum (Otranto), Heraclea Lucania (Roman town abandoned before the 19th Century), Magna Graecia, Mare Mediterraneum (Mediterranean Sea), Castella Mamerti Norum, Messana (Messina), Eryae, Agrigentum (Agrigento), Sicilia (Sicily), Leontium, Syracuse, Carthago (Carthage), Africa, Libicum Mare, Siculum Mare, Tarentum (Taranto), Graecia (Greece), Nimphea, Pieria Megares, Macedonia, Epirus (Modern-day Greece and Albania), Edessa, Paeonia (Paionia), Chaonia (Modern day Western Greece), Passaron, Berea (Veria), Coreyra Island, Tresprotia, Berenicea, Ambracia (Arta), Dodona (Greek city that dwindled sometime after 431 AD), Aegea, Thessalia (Thessaly), Peneus F., Pineios River), Amphilechia, Amphilechia, Aetolia, Phocis, Attica, Athenae (Athens), Nysea, Corinthus (Corinth), Peloponnesus (Peloponnese), Argos, Megalopolis (Megalopoli), Neapolis, Cilarbis, Tegea (Alea), Lernae, Sparta, Thracia, Troja (Troy), Asia, Creta I. (Crete Island), Aptera, and Gortyna (Gortyn). The source publication is: Geographia antique, Latinorum et Graecorum, tabulis XXXII novis & accuratis expressa, translated: Thirty-two new and accurate maps of the geography of the ancients, as contained in the Greek and Latin Classics. It was printed and sold in 1739 in London by Thomas Bowles. Herman Moll was a Dutchman bookseller, geographer and engraver. Around 1678 he moved to London where for a while he continued as an engraver. Later, he started his own businesses a map publisher and by the turn of the century had become the most prominent map publisher in the country. He published atlases and loose maps of all parts of the world many of which were highly decorative. In 1724 he published his 'New Description of England and Wales', an atlas of the English and Welsh Counties. He had many interesting friends including Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift (for whom he provided maps for Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels), explorers William Damier and Woodes Rogers, and the scientist Robert Hooke.

Title: Carte de L'Isle Celebes ou Macassar (1752): Map of Isle Celebes or Makassar
Summary: This is an engraved map of Indonesian Island of Sulawesi published in 1752. Cities shown on the map include: Dondo (no longer a city but a district of Sulawesi), Tetoli (?), Condi Sanga (?), Camanga (?), Manado, Caidupa (?), Gorontano (Maybe Gorontalo), Tomine (?), Babay (?), Sederem (?), Gabe (?), Bone (Maybe Bone-Bone region), Vagiou, Tambuco (?), Renuguy (?), Buto (?), Toraja (an ethnic group from the mountainous Southern region), Soppen (?), Goa (there was a king of Goa in the 17th century), Bonpanga (?), Bencauang (?), Aengetang (?), Bannelle (?), Fort Hollandois (?), Jompandam, Macassar ou Mancacara (Makassar), Banttaim (?), Galesor (?), Talahor (?), Moder (?), Congi (?), Cooti (?), Mandar (Modern Regency of Polewali Mandar), Mamoja (Maybe Mamuju sub district), and Turate (?). At the top of the map in French is Carte de L'Isle Celebes ou Macassar which translates to Map of Isle Celebes or Makassar. At the bottom of the map in Dutch is Kaart Van't Eiland Celebes of Makassar which translates to Map of the Island Celebes or Makassar. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin who lived from 1703 to 1772 was an important cartographer of the 18th century. He is understood as geographe de cabinet and a transitional mapmaker spanning the gap between 18th and early 19th century cartographic styles. His long career as Hydrographer and Ingénieur Hydrographe at the French Dépôt des cartes et plans de la Marine resulted in hundreds of high quality nautical charts of practically everywhere in the world. His work focuses on function and accuracy tending in the process to be less decorative than the earlier 17th and 18th century cartographic work. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bellin was always careful to cite his references and his scholarly corpus consists of over 1400 articles on geography prepared for Diderot's Encyclopedie. In addition to numerous maps and charts published during his lifetime, many of Bellin's maps were updated (or not) and published posthumously. He was succeeded as Ingénieur Hydrographe by his student, also a prolific and influential cartographer, Rigobert Bonne. Jakob van der Schley who lived from 1715 to 1779 was a Dutch engraver and painter. He has engraved the maps and views of the maps of the Dutch edition of Prevost's Histoire General des Voyage.

Title: Loutre de Mer (1785): Sea Otter
Summary: First French edition Copper engraved plate showing a Sea Otter. Source publication: James Cook Troisieme Voyage de Cook, ou Voyage a l'Ocean Pacifique, Ordonne par le Roi d'Angleterre, pour Faire des Decouvertes dans l'Hémisphère Nord, pour déterminer la position & l'étendue de la Cote Ouest de l'Amérique Septentrionale, da distance de l'Asie, & résoudre la question du passage au Nord, translater as: James Cook: Third Cook travel, or travel to the Pacific Ocean, Ordered by the King of England, for Making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere, to Determine the Location & Extent of the West Coast of North America, the Distance of Asia, and the Transition to the North. The mapmaker James Cook (1728-1779) is a seminal figure in the history of cartography. In 1766, Cook was commissioned to explore the Pacific and given a Captaincy with command of the Endeavour. Three voyages of discovery followed, the highlights of which include the first European contact with Eastern Australia, the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands (and many other Polynesian Islands), the first circumnavigation of New Zealand, some of the first sightings of Antarctica, the first mapping of the Pacific Northwest, and his death at the hands of the Hawaiians in 1779.

Title: L’Asia: Nuovamente corretta, et accresciuta, secondo le relationi più moderne, Asia, newly corrected and augmented, according to the most modern accounts
Date: 1677

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